Procesem przebiegajacym w czasie - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8255 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Wstep 1 Introduction Rozwj zawodowy jest procesem przebiegajacym w czasie w ramach oglnego rozwoju czlowieka. Professional development is the process on time, within the overall human development. Realizacja wszystkich potencjalnych mozliwosci wynika z naturalnego popedu do rozwoju, do wzrostu, do osiagniecia swojej pelni. Implementation of all potential opportunities due to the natural impulse to development, to growth, to achieve its full. Teorie rozwoju zawodowego podkreslaja,ze ten proces rozpoczyna siew dziecinstwie i trwa do wieku dojrzalego, a jest ciagiem decyzji uwarunkowanych rznymi czynnikami w tym biologicznymi, psychologicznymi, ekonomicznymi a takze spolecznymi. Theories of professional development emphasize that this process begins in childhood and continues into adulthood, and is a sequence of decisions conditioned by various factors including the biological, psychological, economic and social. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Procesem przebiegajacym w czasie" essay for you Create order Na temat rozwoju zawodowego jest wiele pogladw, przy czym na uwagezaslugujate, ktre dotyczacech, satysfakcji, potrzeb, wydatkowania energii, wyboru i decyzji a takze zachowan zawodowych, ciaglosci zawodowej oraz miejsca i przestrzeni. On the professional development of many ideas, but they deserve attention, which relate to the characteristics, satisfaction, needs, energy expenditure, choice and decision behavior and professional lives, and the continuity of place and space. Okreslenie rozwoju zawodowego w oparciu o wieloletnie badania podaje K. Czarnecki jako spolecznie pozadany proces przemian kierunkowych jednostki ( ilosciowych i jakosciowych, ktre warunkuja jej aktywny i spolecznie oczekiwany udzial w przeksztalcaniu oraz doskonaleniu samego siebie i przez to swojego otoczenia materialnego, spolecznego i kulturowego. Determination of professional development based on long-term study gives K. Czarnecki, as socially desirable transition process directional unit (quantitative and qualitative, which condition the expected active and socially involved in the transformation and improvement of himself and his environment through the physical, social and cultural development. Istota zachowanw warunkach wymogwi zadan zawodowych dotyczy zbioru regul przeksztalcania ukladu czlowiek-praca i okresleniu ich wplywu na przebieg rozwoju czlowieka i sukces zawodowy, ktrego miara jest indywidualnie pojmowana satysfakcja. The essence of behavior in terms of professional requirements and duties applicable to a set of rules for transforming the human-work and identify their influence on the course of human development and professional success, a measure of satisfaction is individually conceived. Zyjemy w czasach kultu fachowosci tzw. We live in a cult called professionalism. profesjonalizmu i gospodarki rynkowej, racje spoleczne i osobiste przemawiaja wiec aby zdobywac wysokie kwalifikacje zawodowe oraz zabiegac o szanse rozwoju dla siebie i innych. professionalism and a market economy, social and personal reasons so to speak earn high professional qualifications and seek a development opportunity for themselves and others. Wszystkie teorie rozwoju zawodowego starajasiewytlumaczyc, dlaczego ludzie dokonujaokreslonych wyborw zawodowych, przy czym w literaturze pojawily sie dopiero w latach piecdziesiatych , choc juz na poczatku XX wieku Frank Parson opisal proces wyboru kariery zawodowej. Career development theories seek to explain why people make certain career choices, and in the literature appeared only in the fifties, although at the beginning of the twentieth century, Frank Parsons described the process of career choice. Oglna charakterystyka glwnych teorii rozwoju zawodowego 2 General characteristics of the major theories of professional development Teoria cech i czynnikw The theory of characteristics and factors Teoria cech i czynnikw podkresla odrebnosc i wyjatkowosc kazdego czlowieka. The theory of characteristics and factors emphasizes the separateness and uniqueness of each person. Pierwsi jej zwolennicy zakladali, ze zdolnosci i cechy poszczeglnych osb mozna zmierzyc w sposb obiektywny, a nastepnie skwantyfikowac. The first of its proponents assume that the capacity and characteristics of individuals can be measured objectively, and then quantified. Stopien osobistej motywacji uznany byl zawartosc wzglednie stala, dlatego tez satysfakcja plynaca z wykonywania danego zawodu zalezala od odpowiedniego dopasowania zdolnosci jednostki do wymagan na danym stanowisku. The degree of personal motivation was recognized at a relatively constant content, and therefore the satisfaction that comes from practicing the profession depend on the ability of an appropriate size to the requirements of the job. W swej wsplczesnej formie teoria cech i czynnikw podkresla interpersonalny charakter kariery zawodowej i zwiazany z niastyl zycia, ktry warunkuja: rodzina, zagadnienia etyczne, religijne, srodowisko spoleczne i przyjemnosci. In its modern form factors and features of the theory stresses the interpersonal nature of careers and the associated lifestyle, which is conditioned by family, ethical, religious, social environment and leisure. Wyrznia sieszesc kategorii, przy pomocy ktrych mozna dokonacklasyfikacji rodzajw osobowosci i srodowiska pracy : realistyczna, badawczaartystyczna, spoleczna, przedsiebiorczai konwencjonalna. There are six categories by which you can classify the types of personality and work environment: a realistic, artistic research, social, enterprising and conventional. Satysfakcja z wykonywania konkretnej pracy zalezy od stopnia zaleznosci typu osobowosci i srodowiska pracy. Satisfaction with the performance of a particular work depends on the degree of dependence on the type of personality and work environment. Przykladowo, osoba o osobowosci typu artystycznego nie bedzie najprawdopodobniej pasowala do zawodu konwencjonalnego, takiego jak na przyklad kierownik biura. For example, a person with the personality type of art is not likely to fit into a conventional profession, such as, for example, an office manager. Istnieja wyjatki. There are exceptions. Prawdopodobnym jest, przyjmowania pewnych stanowisk i pozostawanie na nich tlumacza pewne czynniki niepsychologiczne, np. ekonomiczne, spoleczne czy kulturowe. Jednak dla pojecia swiadomych decyzji zawodowych istotne jest posiadanie odpowiedniej wiedzy o sobie samym oraz wymogach zawodowych Is likely to adopt certain positions and staying on them niepsychologiczne explain certain factors such as eco nomic, social or cultural. However, the concept of informed decision-making professional is essential to have adequate knowledge about himself and the requirements of professional Za twrcepodstaw teorii cech i czynnikw uznacmozna Franka Parsona, wsplczesnie zastwrczo rozwinal jaHolland. As the founder of the theory of characteristics and factors that can be seen by Frank Parsons, contemporary and creatively developed by Holland. Teoria ta podkresla skojarzenie jednostki z praca, ktra odpowiada jej uzdolnieniom. This theory emphasizes the combination of units of work that corresponds to her talents. Holland wyrznia szesc kategorii, przy pomocy ktrych mozna dokonacklasyfikacji osobowosci i srodowiska pracy. Holland distinguishes six categories by which you can make the classification of personality and work environment. Sato typy: These are the types: realistyczny wykwalifikowany, konkretny, uzdolniony technicznie, mechanicznie (np. inzynier, mechanik, rolnik), realistic skilled, practical, technically gifted, mechanical (eg, engineer, mechanic, farmer) konwencjonalny zorganizowany, praktyczny, ulegly (np. ksiegowy, kasjer, pracownik biurowy), conventional an organized, practical, compliant (eg, accountant, cashier, office worker), przedsiebiorczy przekonywujacy, otwarty, werbalny (np. akwizytor, zarzadzajacy, przedsiebiorca), enterprising convincing, open, verbal (eg, traveling agent, manager, entrepreneur) badajacy naukowy, abstrakcyjny, analityczny (np. badacz, programista komputerowy, technik laboratoryjny), Examination a scientific abstract, analytical (eg, researcher, computer programmer, lab technician) artystyczny twrczy, o rozwinietej wyobrazni i estetyce (np. muzyk, malarz, pisarz) Artistic creative, with a developed imagination and aesthetics (eg, musician, painter, writer) spoleczny oswiatowy, zorientowany na uslugi, nawiazujacy kontakty z ludzmi (np. dozorca, nauczyciel, pielegniarka). social educational, service-oriented, referring to people contacts (eg, janitor, teacher, nurse). Teoria psychodynamiczna Psychodynamic theory Teoria ta najlepiej udokumentowana jest w pracach Anne Roe i Roberta Hoppocka. This theory is best documented in the work of Anne Roe and Robert Hoppocka. Roe sadzi, ze zainteresowania zawodowe rozwijajasiew wyniku interakcji miedzy doroslymi a dziecmi. Roe believes that a professional interest developed as a result of interaction between adults and children. Potrzeby zawodowe stanowia odzwierciedlenie checi realizacji potrzeb nie zaspokojonych przez rodzicw w okresie dziecinstwa. Reflect the needs of professional willingness to meet the needs of not zaspokojonych by parents during childhood. Z psychodynamicznego punktu widzenia lata wczesnego dziecinstwa wywieraja decydujacy wplyw na cale zycie jednostki. From the point of view psychodynamicznego early childhood years have a decisive influence on the life of the individual. Dlatego tez Roe uwaza, ze okres ten jest zrdlem nieswiadomej motywacji, wplywajacej na taki wybr zawodu, ktry umozliwilby wyrazenie i zaspokojenie owych potrzeb. Therefore, Roe believes that this period is a source of unconscious motivation, affecting the choice of a profession that would allow the expression and satisfaction of those needs. Roe opisala trzy rodzaje relacji rodzice/dziecko: Roe described the three types of relations between parents / children: emocjonalne ukierunkowanie na dziecko relacja ta moze przybrac jedna z dwch form nadopiekunczosc, kiedy rodzice robia dla dziecka zbyt wiele iw ten sposb naklaniaja je do uleglosci i zaleznosci, lub wygrowane wymagania, kiedy rodzice podkreslaja wage osiagniec dziecka. emotional focus on children the relationship may take one of two forms of overprotection, when parents do for a child too much and thus induce them to submissiveness and dependency, or excessive requirements, when parents emphasize the importance of the achievements of the child. Dzieci wychowywane w tego typu relacji na ogl odczuwaja potrzebe ciaglego uzyskiwania informacji zwrotnych i nagrd. Children raised in such relationships usually feel the need for a continuous feedback and rewards. Jako dorosli wybieraja czesto zawody, ktre zapewniaja uznanie ze strony innych, jak na przyklad dzialalnosc artystyczna. As adults often choose occupations that offer appreciation from others, such as art work. unikanie dziecka w jej ramach takze mozna wyrznic dwie formy: lekcewazenie dziecka, kiedy rodzice staraja sie zaspokoic potrzeby dziecka jedynie w bardzo ograniczony sposb i odrzucenie dziecka, kiedy rodzice nie podejmuja zadnych wysilkw zaspokojenia potrzeb potomstwa. avoidance of a child under it also can be divided into two forms: neglect of the child when parents are trying to meet the needs of the child only a very limited way, and the rejection of the child when parents do not take any effort to meet the needs of children. Roe uwaza, ze jednostki tak wychowane wybiora kariery naukowe lub techniczne iw ten sposb dazyc beda do osiagniecia satysfakcji zyciowej. Chetnie zajmuja sie one rzeczami i koncepcjami. Roe believes that such educated individuals will choose a technical or scientific careers, and thus will seek to achieve life satisfaction. We deal with these things and concepts. akceptacja dziecka moze miec charakter dorazny lub bardziej opiekunczy: w obu przypadkach wspiera niezaleznosc dziecka. acceptance of the child may be either temporary or more care: in both cases supports the independence of the child. Dzieci z takich rodzin na ogl szukaja zawodw, ktre lacza osobiste i niepersonalne aspekty zycia, jak np. Children from such families are generally looking for jobs that combine personal and niepersonalne aspects of life, such as uczenie czy doradztwo. teaching or counseling. Teoria rozwoju Theory Development Dwie najbardziej znane teorie oparte na koncepcji rozwoju osobistego wiazasiez nazwiskami Donalda Supera i Eli Ginzberga. The two most well known theories based on the concept of personal development associated with the names of Donald Super and Eli Ginzberg. W porwnaniu z innymi teoriami, podejscia rozwojowe sana oglbardziej wszechstronne, przywiazujawiekszawagedo zachowanzwiazanych z kariera zawodowa rozciagnietymi w czasie oraz wskazuja na istotna role koncepcji na samego siebie. In comparison with other theories, developmental approaches tend to be more comprehensive, attach greater importance to the behavior of career rozciagnietymi in time and indicate the important role the concept of self. Wedlug tej teorii rozwj zawodowy to proces wdrazania obrazu samego siebie. According to this theory, professional development is the process of implementation of the image itself. Poglady ludzi na to, kim sazostajaodzwierciedlone w tym co robia. The views of people of who are are reflected in what they are doing. Kazdy czlowiek w rozwoju zawodowym przechodzi piec etapw, przy czym dla kazdego z nich wyrznic mozna zadanie rozwojowe, ktre musi zostac zrealizowane. Everyone in the professional development goes five stages, with each of them can be distinguished developmental task that must be met. wzrost (od urodzenia do 14 roku zycia) na tym etapie, ktry dzieli sie na podetapy fantazji (wiek 4 10 lat), zainteresowan (wiek 11 12 lat) i mozliwosci (wiek 13 14 lat), dziecko wytwarza mentalny obraz siebie w relacji z innymi ludzmi. growth (from birth to 14 years) at this stage, which is divided into podetapy fantasy (ages 4 10 years), interest (Age 11 12 years) and opportunities (Age 13 14), produces a mental image of a child themselves in relationships with other people. W trakcie procesu wzrostu dziecko zyskuje takze orientacje w swiecie pracy. In the process of child growth and gains in the world of work orientations. poszukiwania (wiek 15-24 lat) dzieli sie on na trzy czesci: wstepny (wiek 15 17 lat), przejsciowy (wiek 18 -21 lat), oraz etap prb (wiek 22 24 lat). exploration (age 15-24) It is divided into three parts: the initial (age 15 17 years), transition (ages 18 -21 years), and the stage of testing (age 22 24 years). Glwnym zadaniem na tym etapie jest zbadanie swiata pracy i ustalenie preferencji zawodowych. The main task at this stage is to explore the world of work and establish occupational preferences. zajecie pozycji (establishment) (wiek 25 44 lat) dzieli sie on na dwa dalsze etapy, etap prb (25 30 lat) oraz zdobywania (wiek 31-44 lat), iw ich trakcie realizowac nalezy zadanie zajecia pozycji w preferowanym i odpowiednim polu zawodowym. Gdy pozycja ta jest juz zapewniona, jednostka moze skoncentrowac sie na zdobywaniu coraz lepszych pozycji, az do momentu osiagniecia maksymalnej pozycji w danym zawodzie. to gain a foothold (establishment) (age 25 44 years) divided it into two further phases, phase tests (25 30 years), and acquisition (age 31-44 years), and during the task should be implemented to address the position in the preferred and appropriate professional field. If this position is already assured, the body can concentrate on acquiring more and better positions, until a maximum position in the profession. utrzymanie (wiek 45 64 lat) , w ramach ktrego glwnym zadaniem jest utrzymanie tego, co zostalo juz osiagniete. maintenance (age of 45 64 years), in which the main task is to maintain what has already been achieved. odchodzenie (wiek 65 lat do smierci), jest czasem uwalniania sie od pracy i znalezienia innych zrdel satysfakcji. leave (the age of 65 until his death), is a time release from work and find other sources of satisfaction. Dzieli sie on na dwa etapy: spowolnienie (wiek 65 70 lat) i odpoczynek (wiek 71 lat do smierci). It is divided into two stages: slow (the age of 65 70 years) and leisure (age 71 years until his death). Teorie kognitywne i nauki spolecznej Theories of cognitive and social science Teorie rozwoju kariery zawodowej oparte na modelu kognitywnym i nauki spolecznej zostaly sformulowane w latach szescdziesiatych. Theories of career development model based on cognitive and social science have been formulated in the sixties. Dwa sposrd najbardziej znanych modeli kognitywnych majatakze podstawy w modelu rozwoju, przy czym Tiedeman i jego wsplpracownicy oparli sie na modelu rozwoju kryzysw Erica Eriksona, ktra uwzglednia w szerokim znaczeniu wplyw dojrzewania biologicznego i oddzialywanie otoczenia spolecznego (w tym matki, ojca i innych osb z najblizszego kregu rodzinnego) we wzajemnych powiazaniach na rozwj psychiczny dziecka i bieg rozwojowy zycia zawodowego. Two of the best known cognitive models also have a base model of development, with Tiedemann and his colleagues relied on a model of development crises Eric Erikson, which takes into account the broad sense of the impact of biological aging and the impact of social environment (including mother, father and other people with the closest family circle) in their relationship to the childs psychological development and life course development. Czlowiek wedlug tej teorii przechodzi przez osiem stadiw rozwojowych , a wraz z nimi przez osiem kryzysw, od ktrych rozwiazania zaleza cechy jego osobowosci w przyszlosci. Pierwsze cztery stadia wystepuja w okresie niemowlecym, wczesnym dziecinstwie, w wieku zabaw i mlodszym wieku szkolnym, piate stadium w okresie dojrzewania, natomiast ostatnie trzy stadia wypadaja na wiek dojrzaly oraz starosc. According to this theory, a man goes through eight stages of development, and with them for eight crises, from which a solution depend on the characteristics of his personality in the future. The first four stages occur during infancy, early childhood, play age and younger school age, the fifth stage of the puberty, while the last three stages fit into adulthood and old age. Szczeglne znaczenie ma stadium piate tj. okres dojrzewania, gdyz wwczas nastepuje przejscie z okresu dziecinstwa do dojrzalosci i ma to wplyw na rozwj osobowosci i przebieg kolejnych okresw rozwoju zawodowego czlowieka. Of particular importance is the fifth stage of puberty, ie, as the following passage from childhood to adulthood and have an impact on personality development and course of subsequent professional development of man. W tym stadium zaczyna formowac sie poczucie wlasnej tozsamosci, zas u osb majacych trudnosci w tym procesie moga wystapic trudnosci z podjeciem trafnych decyzji zawodowych. At this stage begin to form their own sense of identity, and in people having difficulties in this process may have difficulty making informed decisions unions. Wystepuje tu siedmio etapowy model podejmowania decyzji zawodowych: badanie (wiek 14 18 lat), krystalizacja (wiek 18 21 lat), wybr (wiek 18 25 lat), wyjasnianie (wiek 18 25 lat), indukcja (wiek 21 30 lat), zmiana (wiek 21 -30 lat), oraz integracja (wiek 30 40 lat). There is an seven consecutive model of professional decision-making: the study (age 14 18 years), crystallization (age 18 21 years), selection (age 18 25 years), explain (age 18 25 years), induction (age 21 30 years), change (age 21 -30 years), and integration (the age of 30 40 years). Etapy te zachodzana siebie, lecz w ramach kazdego z nich jednostka musi podejmowacdecyzje. These stages overlap, but in the context of each individual must make decisions. Nacisk na kognitywna restrukturyzacje jednostki od wewnatrz do zewnatrz stanowi szczeglny wklad Tiedemana w teorie kariery zawodowej. Emphasis on cognitive restructuring of the unit from the inside to outside is a special contribution to the theory Tiedeman career. Autorem innego podejscia rwnie szerokiego, chocmniejszawageprzywiazujacego do kategorii rozwoju i socjalizacji, byl Kromboltz. The author of a new approach as a broad, though less weight przywiazujacego the category of development and socialization, was Kromboltz. Zgodnie z jego stanowiskiem na decyzje zawodowe czlowieka wplywaja cztery czynniki : ladunek genetyczny, warunki i wydarzenia w otaczajacym srodowisku, doswiadczenia w procesie nauki oraz umiejetnosci podchodzenia do zadan (np. system wartosci, nawyki w pracy). According to its position on the human influence professional decisions of four factors: the genetic load, the conditions and events in the surrounding environment, experience in the process of learning and skills approach to tasks (eg, a system of values, work habits). Wedlug Krumboltza, na decyzje zawodowe wplywaja zarwno procesy wewnetrzne jak i zewnetrzne. According Krumboltza, professional decisions affect both internal processes and external. Innymi slowy, jedn ostka posiada pewien wplyw na wydarzenia, ktre uwaza za dzialajace na nia wspierajaco. In other words, the body has a certain influence on events, which are considered as acting on it wspierajaco. Charakterystyka teorii rozwoju zawodowego DE Supera 3 Characteristics of the theory of professional development DE Supera PoprawionawersjeDE Super opublikowalw 1957 r. Zawiera ona 12 twierdzen, ktre charakteryzujarozwj zawodowy czlowieka. Super ED revised version published in 1957, it contains 12 statements that characterize the professional development of man. Rozwj zawodowy jest postepujacym, ciaglym i zwykle nieodwracalny procesem Professional development is a progressive, permanent and usually irreversible process Rozwj zawodowy jest wzorcowym i nieodwracalnym procesem. Professional development is a model and an irreversible process. Celem rozwoju zawodowego jest wiec wybr zawodu, ktrego kryteria oparte sa na tych samych zasadach dla wszystkich jednostek The purpose of professional development is therefore the choice of profession, the criteria are based on the same basis to all individuals Rozwj zawodowy jest procesem zawodowym. Professional development is a process of training. Cecha ta wskazuje na zwiazek miedzy dotychczasowym repertuarem zachowan jednostki a zadaniami, ktre musza byc wykonywane przez nia, a zawieraja nowe wzory, ktre sa prezentowane jednostce. This feature shows the relationship between the current repertoire of behaviors of the individual and the tasks that must be performed by it, and include new designs that are presented to the unit. To pociaga za soba koniecznosc kompromisu pomiedzy czynnikami osobowosciowymi a spolecznymi. This entails a compromise between the personality and social factors. Pojecie ja zaczyna sie krystalizowac w okresie dojrzewania i wwczas moze byc ono okreslone w terminach zawodowych. The concept of I begins to crystallize during adolescence, and then it may be defined in terms of trade. Czynniki obiektywne (obiektywnosc osobowosciowych charakterystyk i obiektywnosc spoleczna) odgrywaja coraz wieksza role w rozwoju zawodowym wraz ze wzrostem wieku jednostki. Objective factors (personality characteristics of objectivity and the objectivity of social work) play an increasingly important role in career development with increasing age of the individual. Identyfikacja z rodzicami lub opiekunami wiaze sie z rozwojem rl spolecznych, takze roli zawodowej. Identification with the parents or guardians associated with the development of social roles, and role. Kierunek i tempo przechodzenia jednostki od jednego poziomu rozwoju zawodowego do drugiego jest uzaleznione od jej inteligencji, pozycji spolecznej i ekonomicznej jej rodzicw, potrzeb jednostki, jej zainteresowan i wartosci, a takze od aktualnych warunkw ekonomicznych kraju. Direction and pace of transition from one level of individual professional development to another is dependent on her intelligence, social and economic position of its parent, the needs of individuals, their interests and values, as well as the countrys current economic conditions. Dziedzina zawodowa, ktra jednostka wybiera, zalezy od jej zainteresowan, wartosci i potrzeb, jej identyfikacji z modelami rl zawodowych rodzicw lub opiekunw oraz poziomu jej wyksztalcenia, a takze od samej struktury zawodowej i jej kierunkw oraz dzialalnosci jednostki do przystosowania sie do tej struktury. Professional field, the entity chooses depends on her interests, values and needs, the identification of models of professional roles of parents or guardians and the level of education, as well as from the same occupational structure and its trends, and business units to adapt to this structure. Chociaz kazdy zawd wymaga charakterystycznych dla niego zdolnosci, zainteresowan i cech osobowosciowych jednostki, istnieje jednak w zakresie doboru zawodowego tolerancja pozwalajaca jednostce na wybranie rznych specjalizacji w danym zawodzie, jak rwniez na rznorodnosc w doborze zawodw przez dana jednostke. Although each profession requires a characteristic of his abilities, interests and personality characteristics of individuals, but there is a selection of professional tolerance allows individuals to choose different specializations in the profession, as well as diversity in the choice of occupations by the unit. Satysfakcja zyciowa i zawodowa zalezy od zakresu, w jakim jednostka moze w swojej pracy dac wyraz wlasnym zdolnosciom, zainteresowaniom, wartosciom i cechom osobowosci. Gdy jednostka moze wyrazic w swojej pracy swj psychologiczny charakter, ma ona poczucie samorealizacji, przynaleznosci i stalosci. And professional life satisfaction depends on the extent to which the entity may, in its work to express their own abilities, interests, values and personality characteristics. When an individual can express their work in their psychological nature, it has a sense of fulfillment, belonging and stability. Ma bowiem moznosc wykonywania takiej roli zawodowej, ktra ja inspiruje i motywuje do efektywnej pracy. Is no possibility of implementing such a professional role, which inspires and motivates them to work efficiently. Stopien satysfakcji jednostki wynikajacy z jej pracy jest proporcjonalny do stopnia, w jakim jest ona w stanie dostosowac do tej pracy swoje pojecie ja . The degree of satisfaction resulting from the body of her work is proportional to the degree to which it is able to adapt to the work his concept of I. Praca i zawd stanowia glwny czynnik ksztaltowania sie osobowosci czlowieka i dla wiekszosci ludzi stanowia centrum zainteresowan. Work and occupation are a major factor in shaping the human personality and for most people, a center of interest. DE Super podkresla w swojej teorii znaczenie trzech rodzajw czynnikw wplywajacych na rozwj zawodowy czlowieka, to : czynnik roli, czynniki sytuacyjne i czynniki osobiste. Czynniki roli angazuje strukture ja poprzez procesy modelowania, nasladownictwa i identyfikacji, ktrych zrdlem sa osoby znaczace dla jednostki. DE Supers theory emphasizes the importance of the three types of factors influencing the professional development of man, are: the role of the factor, situational factors and personal factors. Factors involved the role of structure self through processes of modeling, imitation and identification, which are the source of a significant person for the unit. Pierwszymi modelami moga byc rodzice, opiekunowie. The first models can be parents, guardians. Czynniki sytuacyjne sa utozsamiane przez Supera z polozeniem spoleczno-ekonomicznym rodzicw, przekonaniami religijnymi, atmosfera domowa, postawami rodzicw wobec dziecka i wobec dalszej jego nauki, sytuacja ekonomiczna kraju oraz sytuacja miedzynarodowa. Situational factors are identified by the super of the socio-economic position of parents, religious, homely atmosphere, attitudes of parents towards their children and to further his education, economic situation of the country and the international situation. Rozwj zawodowy czlowieka sklada siewedlug niego z pieciu stadiw : rosniecia, eksploracji, stabilizacji, zachowania status quo i schylkowego. Professional development, human rights, according to him consists of five stages: grow, explore, stability, preserve the status quo and decline. Stadia te przebiegaja nastepujaco: These stages proceed as follows: Stadium rosniecia (od urodzenia do 14 roku zycia). Grow stage (from birth to 14 years). Poczatkowo dominuja potrzeby w tej fazie zycia czlowieka oraz fantazja, znaczenie zas zainteresowan i zdolnosci wzrasta wraz w miare uspolecznienia sie dziecka i nabywania doswiadczen. Jest to okres poczatkw formowania sie i rozwoju struktury ja. Initially dominated by the need in this phase of human life and the imagination, the importance of the interests and capacity increases as the childs socialization and acquisition experience. This is the beginning of the period of formation and development of the structure I. Wystepuja w nim nastepujace podokresy: Occur in the following sub-periods: fantazja (4-10 rok zycia), fantasy (4-10 years old), zainteresowania (11-12 rok zycia), interest (11-12 years old), zdolnosci (15-24 rok zycia) capacity (15-24 years old) Stadium eksploracji (15-24 rok zycia). Exploration stage (15-24 years of age). Jest to okres badania samego siebie i wyprbowania rznych rl zawodowych. This is a test for myself, and try different professional roles. Wystepuja w nich nastepujace podokresy: They occur in the following sub-periods: prbowania (15-17 rok zycia); w tym podokresie zainteresowania, zdolnosci, wartosci i korzysci sa przez mlodziez brane lacznie pod uwage i dokonuje ona prbnego wyboru zawodu, trying (15-17 years old) in this sub-period of interest, abilities, values and benefits are taken by young people together would make it a trial and the choice of profession, przejsciowy (18-21 rok zycia); w tym podokresie mlodziez zaczyna miec bardziej realne sady o rzeczywistosci, poniewaz wzrasta zakres jej umiejetnosci i doswiadczen odnoszacych sie do pracy a zwiazanych z odbywanym szkoleniem zawodowym i rozpoczeciem pracy zawodowej, Transition (18-21 years old) in this sub-period young people begin to have more realistic judgments about reality, because it increases the extent of its skills and experience relating to the work and related odbywanym vocational training and starting a career, prby (22-24 rok zycia); w tym podokresie jednostka rozpoczyna prace, ktra wyprbowuje jako prace calego swojego zycia zawodowego. sample (22-24 years old) in this sub-period body starts to work, which tries to work with her entire working life. Stadium stabilizacji (25-44 rok zycia) . Stabilization stage (25-44 years of age). W tym stadium czlowiek, ktry znalazl odpowiednie dla siebie pole pracy zawodowej, usiluje sie na tym polu ustalic. At this stage the man who has its field of work, trying to establish in this field. Czasami we wczesnym okresie tego stadium jednostka podejmuje zmiany pracy. Sometimes in the early stage of the unit takes to change jobs. Podokresami w tym stadium sa: Podokresami at this stage are: doswiadczenie (25 -30 rok zycia) a) experience (25 -30 years of age) stabilizacja (31- 44 rok zycia) b) stabilization (31 44 years old) Stadium zachowania status quo (45-64 rok zycia). Stadium maintain the status quo (45-64 years of age). W tym stadium jednostka czyni starania o utrzymanie swego ustabilizowanego miejsca w swiecie pracy. At this stage the body is making efforts to keep her stabilized place in the world of work. Stadium schylkowe (od 65 roku). Decadent stage (65 years). W tym stadium powstaja nowe role w zwiazku z przechodzeniem z pozycji czynnego uczestnika procesu pracy w pozycje obserwatora. At this stage, new roles in relation to the shifting of the position of the active participant in the process of working in the position of the observer. Wystepuja w nim dwa podokresy: Occur in the two sub-periods: oslabienie (65 70 rok zycia), a) weakness (65 70 years of age) wycofanie sie (70 rok zycia i wiecej) b) withdrawal (70 years and more) Widac wiec z powyzszego, ze proces rozwoju zawodowego czlowieka obejmuje cale zycie, od dziecinstwa do pznej starosci. So you can see from the above that the process of professional development involves human life, from childhood to old age. Wnioski wynikajace z teorii rozwoju zawodowego 4 The conclusions of the theory of professional development Analizujac cechy wsplne dla omwionych teorii rozwoju zawodowego czlowieka mozna stwierdzic, ze: Analyzing the characteristics common to the theories discussed professional development of man can be concluded that: wszystkie teorie rozwoju zawodowego czlowieka okreslaja zespl warunkw wyjasniajacych zachowania zawodowe czlowieka, jego rozwj osobisty i zawodowy; theories of professional development set of conditions that determine human behavior to explain the professional man, his personal and professional development; wszystkie teorie rozwoju akcentuja znaczenie istotnych wlasciwosci czlowieka, stanowiacych psychologiczne kategorie rozwojowe oraz zmiennych spolecznych, charakteryzujacych zrznicowany uklad spolecznego srodowiska czlowieka, theories of development emphasize the importance of the essential human characteristics, which are categories of developmental psychology and social variables that characterize different social system of the human environment, wszystkie teorie ujmuja zawodowy rozwj czlowieka jako przebiegajacy w dluzszym przedziale czasu proces, uwzgledniajacy ilosciowe i jakosciowe zmiany zachodzace w obrebie istotnych wlasciwosci czlowieka (zmiennych psychologicznych), jak i zachodzacych zmian w oddzialywaniach srodowiska spolecznego. theories capture the professional development of man as a runs over the longer time the process takes into account both quantitative and qualitative changes occurring within the essential characteristics of the human (psychological variables), as well as ongoing changes in the social environment impacts. Watkami rznicujacymi poszczeglne teorie rozwoju zawodowego czlowieka : Differentiating the various threads of the professional development of theories of human rights: rodzaj wiodacych zmiennych psychologicznych i zmiennych spolecznego srodowiska jednostki, lezacych u podstaw teoretycznych zalozen poszczeglnych koncepcji rozwoju zawodowego, leading type of psychological variables and social variables of the environment unit of the underlying theoretical assumptions of individual concepts for professional development, uwzglednienie badz nieuwzglednienie stabilnosci w procesie rozwoju zawodowego czlowieka. incorporate or failure to take account of stability in the professional development of man. Do zmiennych psychologicznych uwzglednianych w mniejszym lub wiekszym zakresie przez poszczeglne teorie rozwoju zawodowego wchodzanastepujace jednostki: For the psychological variables included in greater or lesser extent by the various theories of career development include the following elements: inteligencja, intelligence, zdolnosci, capacity, zdolnosci specjalne, special capabilities, zainteresowania, interest system wartosci i postawy wartosciujace, system of evaluation or the values and attitudes, potrzeby, needs, osobowosc, personality, typ temperamentu oraz czynniki emocjonalne, type of temperament and emotional factors, identyfikacja z modelami rl zawodowych (poczucie tozsamosci) identification of models of professional roles (a sense of identity) W odniesieniu do zmiennych charakteryzujacych oddzialywania srodowiska spolecznego mozna podkreslic: With respect to the variables characterizing the impact of the social environment can be emphasized: wplyw wychowania srodowiska rodzinnego, the impact of family environment, education, postawy rodzicielskie, parental attitudes, polozenie spoleczno-ekonomiczne rodzicw, Socio-economic position of parents, procesy modelowania, nasladownictwa i identyfikacji process modeling, imitation and identification Etapy rozwoju zawodowego 5 Stages of professional development Proces rozwoju zawodowego jak wspomniano wielokrotnie wczesniej jest dlugotrwalym procesem i przebiega, mozna przyjac w trzech etapach: The process of professional development as mentioned earlier is often a long process and takes place, can be seen in three stages: okres przed wyborem zawodu period before choosing a profession okres zdobywania wiadomosci i umiejetnosci w wybranym zawodzie (przygotowanie do zadan zawodowych), for acquiring knowledge and skills in your chosen profession (preparation for professional tasks), okres aktywnosci zawodowej. working life. Te trzy okresy aktywnosci zawodowej czlowieka charakteryzuja: These three periods of human activity is characterized by: przygotowanie zawodowe, professional preparation, adaptacja spoleczno zawodowa, adaptation and social professional, identyfikacja i stabilizacja zawodowa, Professional identification and stabilization, sukces zawodowy professional success mistrzostwo w zawodzie mastery in the profession Natomiast czynnikami warunkujacymi i wzbogacajacymi beda: By contrast, determining factors, and will add value: jednej strony warunki materialne i spoleczne pracy zawodowej, on the one hand the material conditions and social work, drugiej strony wlasciwosci osobowe pracownika, a przede wszystkim : zdolnosci i zainteresowania zawodowe, postawa zawodowa, osobowosc zawodowa. on the other hand the personal characteristics of the worker, and above all: the ability and professional interest, professional attitude, professional personality. Procesami dopelniajacymi lub pochodnymi beda: poradnictwo i doradztwo zawodowe oraz selekcja i orientacja zawodowa, po uwzglednieniu materialnych i spolecznych cech srodowiska pracy i poddajacych sie ksztaltowaniu przez caly okres aktywnosci zawodowej wlasciwosci osobowych czlowieka. Complementary processes, or derivatives thereof are: guidance and counseling, and selection and career information, taking into account the physical and social characteristics of the work and surrendering to the shaping of the entire working life of personal property rights. Zainteresowania zawodowe sa to wzglednie trwale sklonnosci do poszukiwania wiadomosci oraz poglebiania wiedzy i ksztaltowania umiejetnosci w okreslonej dziedzinie dzialalnosci ludzi. Professional interest are the relatively stable tendency to search for messages and deepen their knowledge and skills training in a particular area of human activity. Postawa zawodowa to wyksztalcone w toku indywidualnego i spolecznego rozwoju jednostki tendencje do specyficznych, wzglednie trwalych sposobw i form reagowania w okreslonych sytuacja zawodowych. Professional attitude is developed in the course of individual and social development of individual tendencies to specific, relatively permanent ways and forms of response to specific professional situation. Osobowosc zawodowa to zespl (syndrom) cech czlowieka pracy, uformowanych w toku ksztalcenia zawodowego i rozwijajacych sie w czasie pracy zawodowej, ktry zapewnia mu aktywny kontakt z materialnym i spolecznym srodowiskiem pracy i przyczynia sie do jego twrczych przeobrazen. Personality is a professional team (syndrome) characteristics of the working man, formed in the course of training and developing countries during their working lives, which ensures its active contact with the material and social environment of work and contributes to creative transformations. Glwnymi skladnikami osobowosci zawodowej sa: The main components of vocational personalities are: wiedza zawodowa (oglnozawodowa i specjalistyczna), professional knowledge (general vocational and specialized) umiejetnosci, sprawnosci, przyzwyczajenia i nawyki pracy, abilities, skills, habits and work habits, zainteresowania i zamilowania zawodowe, interest and love of training, zdolnosci, uzdolnienia i talenty zawodowe, abilities, talents and professional talents, postawa spoleczno zawodowa, social attitude professional, motywy ksztalcenia sie (doskonalenia ) zawodowego i pracy. education themes (improvement) training and employment. Poradnictwo i doradztwo zawodowe -to procesy celowego oddzialywania na jednostke zblizajaca sie do podjecia decyzji o wyborze zawodu lub pracujaca zawodowo, lecz na uzyskanie coraz lepszych wynikw wlasnej pracy. Guidance and counseling a process of deliberate impact on the unit approaching the decision to choose an occupation or working professionals, but to get better and better results of their own work. Niestety , system poradnictwa w chwili obecnej nastawiony jest w wiekszosci przypadkw na instrumentalne ksztalcenie a nie rozwj czlowieka. Unfortunately, the guidance system at the moment is set in most cases, the instrumental training rather than human development. Selekcja i reorientacja zawodowa -to procesy tylko pozornie uboczne, bo procesy te okazujasieznaczace, zarwno przy wyborze zawodu, jak i przy weryfikacji przydatnosci zawodowej osb pracujacych zawodowo, a takze w wyniku restrukturyzacji gospodarki i czesto z powodw zdrowotnych. Selection and outplacement it processes only the seemingly incidental, because these processes appear to be significant, both in the choice of profession, as well as the verification of the suitability of professional people employed, and as a result of the restructuring of the economy, and often for health reasons. Uwarunkowania rozwoju zawodowego 6 Conditions for professional development Rozwj zawodowy czlowieka ma liczne uwarunkowania, ktre skupiajasiew zyciu zawodowym ludzi w sposb sprzyjajacy ich rozwojowi, badz tez utrudniajacy. Professional development of man has a number of conditions, which are concentrated in the working life of people in a manner conducive to their development, or impeding. Istnieje szereg czynnikw wplywajacych w zasadniczy sposb na rozwj zawodowy czlowieka. There are several factors contributing significantly to the professional development of man. DE Super wyrznia trzy rodzaje czynnikw, a mianowicie: ED Super distinguishes three types of factors, namely: Czynnik roli, ktry wiaze sie z pojeciem ja iz przyjeciem okreslonej roli zawodowej; agent role, which involves the concept of I and the adoption of specific role of the profession; czynniki osobiste, takie jak: uzdolnienia, zainteresowania, wartosci i postawy jednostki cala osobowosc czlowieka personal factors, such as: aptitudes, interests, values and attitudes of individuals the entire human personality czynniki sytuacyjne, wyrazajace polozenie spoleczno ekonomiczne rodzicw, przekonania religijne, atmosfere domowa, postawe rodzicw wobec dziecka, jego nauki i zawodu oraz oglna sytuacje ekonomiczna kraju. situational factors, expressing the position of the socio economic parents, religious, homely atmosphere, the attitude of parents towards their childs education and occupation, and the overall economic situation of the country. Mozna dokonacinnego podzialu uwarunkowanrozwoju zawodowego czlowieka na zewnetrzne i wewnetrzne, obejmujace lacznie osiem rodzajw uwarunkowan. You can make another division of the professional development of human conditions external and internal, including a total of eight types of situations. Saone nastepujace: historyczne, polityczne, ekonomiczne, techniczne, kulturowe, spoleczne, biologiczne, psychologiczne. They are the following: historical, political, economic, technical, cultural, social, biological, psychological. Do najwazniejszych, decydujacych o rozwoju zawodowym wsplczesnego czlowieka naleza uwarunkowania psychologiczne takie jak: The most important, determining the professional development of modern man are psychological such as: zainteresowania i zamilowania, interest and passion, zdolnosci i uzdolnienia kierunkowe, directional capabilities and talents, plany i aspiracje zyciowe i zawodowe, plans and aspirations of life and work, wiedza i doswiadczenie indywidualne, knowledge and experience of the individual, motywy dzialania, motives, postawy i nastawienia do rzeczywistosci, attitudes and attitudes to reality, cechy temperamentu. temperament traits. Do wymienionych wyzej wyznacznikw nalezy dodac jeszcze te, ktre wyrazaja sie na zewnatrz w typowych dla jednostki zachowaniach. To those benchmarks must add those that are expressed outside the typical individual behavior. Psychologiczna wiedze o czlowieku pracujacym mozna ujac w trzy dzialy: Psychological knowledge about the working man can be put into three sections: Wiedza o osobowosci zawodowej, czyli wiedza o tych cechach osobowosci czlowieka pracujacego, ktre sa wazne dla wykonywania danej pracy zawodowej i ktre w tej pracy przejawiaja sie i ksztaltuja. Knowledge of professional personality, ie knowledge of those working for human personality traits that are important for the performance of the work and who work in this exhibit and shape. Wiedza o pracy zywej, to znaczy wiedza o czynnosciach wykonywanych przez czlowieka pracujacego w danym zawodzie lub na danym stanowisku. Knowledge of living labor that is, knowledge of the activities performed by humans working in the profession or on the job. Wiedza o przystosowaniu pracy do czlowieka, czyli wiedza o takich cechach procesu technologicznego, materialw, narzedzi, warunkw pracy oraz systemu organizacji pracy, ktre sa wazne ze wzgledu na ludzkie mozliwosci i potrzeby. Knowledge of adapting the work of man, ie knowledge about the characteristics of technological processes, materials, tools, working conditions and work organization system, which is important because the human capacity and needs. Procesy adaptacyjne w rozwoju zawodowym 7 adaptive processes in the professional development Z uwagi na zachodzace zmiany w sferze spoleczno -gospodarczej i rzeczywistych warunkw pracy, problem adaptacji spoleczno -zawodowej jest ciagle aktualny i wymaga uwagi i wlasciwego podejscia ze strony kierownictwa organizacji (firmy) oraz srodowiska pracowniczego organizacji, bez wzgledu na struktury i formy wlasnosci. Due to the changes in the socio economic and real working conditions, the problem of social adaptation a professional is always up to date and requires attention and appropriate approach from management organizations (companies) and the Staff of the environment organization, regardless of the structure and form of ownership. Duze znaczenie ma takze umiejetnosc organizowania wlasnych dzialan zawodowych, ktrych nadrzednym celem jest oczekiwany efekt rozwoju zawodowego. It is important that the ability of unions to organize their own activities, the overriding objective is the expected effect of professional development. Proces adaptacji oraz jego rezultaty dotyczaszeregu jego aspektw, a mianowicie adaptacji czystozawodowej, spolecznej, psychomotorycznej, fizycznej, uczuciowej, moralnej i kulturowej. The adaptation process and its results include a number of its aspects, namely the adaptation of purely professional, social, psychomotor, physical, emotional, moral and cultural. Wymienione tu procesy adaptacji spoleczno zawodowej wystepuja lacznie i jednoczesnie w tym samym czasie, jako elementy szerszego procesu adaptacji spoleczno zawodowej. These processes of adaptation and social here there are a total professional, and while at the same time, as part of a broader process of social adaptation a professional. Przyjeto wyrzniackilka etapw procesu adaptacji spoleczno -zawodowej: Adopted distinguish several stages in the process of adaptation and social professional: Etap pierwszy polega na opanowaniu przez pracownika stanowiska pracy i osiagnieciu takiego poziomu wykonywania zadan zawodowych, ktry charakteryzuje sie okreslona samodzielnoscia i mozliwoscia uzyskania wysokich zarobkw. The first stage consists in mastering the worker jobs and achieve a level of professional tasks, which is characterized by a definite independence and the possibility of obtaining high wages. Etap drugi to juz uswiadomienie sobie wlasnych mozliwosci oraz swoich powinnosci wobec firmy. Step two it has already become aware of their abilities and their duties to the company. Etap trzeci jest okresem rozpoczynajacej sie identyfikacji zawodowej, a wiec okresem mozliwosci osiagania wysokiej wydajnosci pracy, uzyskiwania zadowolenia z wykonywanej pracy zawodowej, jak rwniez aktywnego wlaczenia sie w procesy decyzyjne. The third stage is the period that begins with the identification of a professional, so the period of their ability to achieve high productivity, obtain job satisfaction of professional, as well as active involvement in decision-making processes. Szybkosc adaptacji spoleczno -zawodowej zalezy od aktywnosci samego pracownika, od jego gotowosci do adaptowania sie, do identyfikowania siez wykonywanym zawodem i firma. The speed of adaptation and social professional depends on the activity of the worker himself, from his readiness to adapt to, to identify with their professional and business. Czynniki stymulujace rozwj zawodowy Factors stimulating professional development Do glwnych czynnosci stymulujacych rozwj zawodowy naleza miedzy innymi: The main activities to stimulate professional development includes: wykorzystanie tresci przedmiotw szkolnego nauczania w ksztaltowaniu , rozwijaniu, poglebianiu i utrwalaniu wiedzy oraz umiejetnosci zwiazanych z samoobsluga, uczeniem sie zawodu, praca i czynnosciami zawodowymi (dotyczy to rwniez tresci wychowania przedszkolnego); use of the content of school subjects taught in shaping, developing, deepening and consolidating the knowledge and skills associated with self-service, learning a profession, work and professional activities (including the content of pre-school education); zachecanie mlodziezy do korzystania z indywidualnych, celowo prowadzonych rozmw z doroslymi na temat czynnosci zawodowych i pracy encouraging young people to benefit from individual, intentionally conducted interviews with adults about their professional activities and work zachecanie mlodziezy do korzystania z tresci publikowanych prac poswieconych decyzjom wyboru zawodu i szkoly oraz zwiazanych z nimi rozlicznych uwarunkowan; encouraging young people to use the content published work related to occupational choice decisions of schools and the many related conditions; zachecanie mlodziezy do poddawania sie badaniom psychologicznym dla okreslenia poziomu swoich mozliwosci rozwojowych. encouraging young people to undergo psychological tests to determine the level of their development opportunities. Szczeglnymi czynnosciami stymulacji rozwoju zawodowego doroslych sa: Specific activities to stimulate the development of professional adults are: doksztalcanie sie w szkolach wyzszego szczebla, w tej samej lub pokrewnej dziedzinie i zawodzie; further training in senior schools, in the same or a related field and profession; doskonalenie sie zawodowe na kursach specjalistycznych coraz wyzszego stopnia oraz samodoskonalenie; improve the training of specialist courses and a progressively higher degree of self-improvement; wysylanie pracownikw na praktyki specjalistyczne do zakladw tej samej lub pokrewnej branzy, ale majacych nowoczesniejszy park maszynowy oraz nowsze technologie wytwarzania; sending workers to the practice of specialized establishments of the same or a related industry, but with more modern machinery and the newer generation technologies; wysylanie pracownikw na dluzsze staze krajowe lub zagraniczne; sending workers for longer internships domestic or foreign; powierzanie pracownikom zadan o szerszym charakterze w stosunku do wykonywanych i wyuczonych, celem rozwijania ich potencjalnych mozliwosci zawodowych; assigning tasks to employees of a broader nature in relation to the performance and learned, to develop their potential career opportunities; prowadzenie stalej, uzasadnionej oceny rozwoju pracownikw; conducting solid, reasoned evaluation of staff development; wysokie nagradzanie tych pracownikw, ktrzy wyraznie wyrzniaja sie swoja aktywnoscia, pracowitoscia solidnoscia wykonywania zadan i czynnosci zawodowych. high reward those employees who are clearly distinguished by their activity, work tasks and the reliability of professional activities. Wnioski koncowe 8 Conclusion Rozwj zawodowy czlowieka zwiazany z dzialaniem, zachowaniem utylitarnym, osiaganiem, prbowaniem, celowoscia, stanowi tylko o polowie naszego zycia , druga zas to bycie stawanie sie, inaczej istnienie, wyrazanie, samorealizacja. Professional development related to human activity, utilitarian behavior, achievement, trying, desirability, is only about half of our lives, while the other is being becoming, otherwise the existence, the expression, self-realization. Przekonanie o wysokiej wartosci, godnosci i niezbednosci ludzkiego dzialania jest silnie zakorzenione w naszej tradycji, zas podzial pracy jest konsekwencja rznorodnosci potrzeb, mozliwosci czlowieka i predyspozycji do wykonywania okreslonych zadan i czynnosci. Convinced of the high value the dignity and necessity of human action is strongly rooted in our tradition, and the division of labor is a consequence of the diversity of needs, human capabilities and suitability to perform specific tasks and activities. Praca we wsplczesnej formie przywiazuje do miejsca wykonywania, uzaleznia od pracodawcy, zmusza do pelnienia okreslonych funkcji i swiadczenia uslug. Working in modern form attached to the place of execution, makes the employer, forced to perform specific functions and services. Dazac do rozwoju zawodowego nalezy brac pod uwage takie zawody i specjalnosci, ktre w najmniejszym stopniu gwalca nasza osobowosc i ograniczaja pragnienie wolnosci osobistej. Striving for professional development should take account of such professions and specialties, which have the least violate our personality and the desire to restrict personal liberty. Nigdy i zaden rodzaj pracy nie byl oceniany jednoznacznie i przez wszystkich tak samo. And never any kind of work was not evaluated explicitly, and by all the same. W pogoni za sukcesem zawodowym nie mozna zapomnieco zabawie i zwiazanej z niawesolosciaa takze o czasie na rozmyslanie, doznania estetyczne i nieumotywowanaaktywnosc. In the pursuit of professional success can not forget the fun and gaiety associated with it and also the time for meditation, aesthetic experience and nieumotywowana activity. Literatura 9 Literature J. Balcerk Socjologia pracy; SGPIS Warszawa 1974 J. Balcerk Sociology of work; Warsaw School of Economics Warsaw, 1974 A. Banka Bezrobotni; PRINT-B Poznan 1992 A bubble Unemployed; PRINT-B, Poznan 1992 RN Bolles Spadochron; FISE Warszawa 1993 RN Bolles Parachute; FISE Warsaw 1993 K. Czarnecki Rozwj zawodowy; IWZZ Warszawa 1985 K. Czarnecki Professional Development; IWZZ Warsaw 1985 CL Cooper Stres pracy; PWN Warszawa CL Cooper work stress, OWN Warszawa K. Dabrowski Trud istnienia; WP Warszawa !986 K. Dabrowski Trud existence; HR Warsaw! 986 S. Gladding Poradnictwo zawodowe; DW Elipsa Warszawa 1992 S. Gladding Coach, DW Ellipse Warsaw, 1992 T. Kielanowski i inni Czlowiek tworzy siebie sam; KAW Gdansk 1985 T. Kielanowski and others Man creates himself alone; KLA Gdansk 1985 T. Kotarbinski Mysli o ludziach i ludzkich sprawach; PAN Ossolineum Kotarbinski Thoughts about people and human affairs; Sciences Ossolineum Wroclaw 1986 Wroclaw 1986 J.Kozielicki Psychologiczna teoria samowiedzy; PWN Warszawa 1986 J. Kozielicki A psychological theory of self-consciousness, OWN Warszawa 1986 T. Luckman Spoleczne tworzenie rzeczywistosci; PIW Warszawa 1983 T. Luckman Social create reality; CIP Warsaw, 1983 B. Lapis U zrdel polskich refleksji nad praca; IW Pax Warszawa 1984 B. Lapis At the source of reflection on the work of Polish, Warsaw, 1984 AND PAX R. Lukaszewicz Do gry czy do przodu; KAW Warszawa 1986 R. Lukaszewicz Top or to the front, the KLA Warsaw 1986 A. Maslow -Motywacje i osobowosc; IW Pax Warszawa 1990 A. Maslow-motivations and personality, AND PAX, Warszawa, 1990 M. Ossowska -Normy moralne; PWN Warszawa 1985 M. Ossowska-moral standards, OWN Warsaw, 1985 J. Strelau Temperament, osobowosc dzialania; PWN Warszawa 1985 J. Strelau temperament, personality measures, OWN Warsaw, 1985 Z. Wiatrowski Pedagogika w zarysie Z. Wiatrowski Romance at a Glance K. Valaskakis i inni Propozycje dla przyszlosci; PWN Warszawa 1988 K. Valaskakis and others Proposals for the future, OWN Warsaw, 1988 Original Polish text: Do wymienionych wyzej wyznacznikw nalezy dodac jeszcze te, ktre wyrazaja sie na zewnatrz w typowych dla jednostki zachowaniach.

How Will Marijuana Legalization Affect Public Health

Grant Schnell Senior English 4.20.2015 How will Marijuana legalization affect public health? It is a very exciting time to be a pothead in America. With legalization spreading across the US many are starting to get involved in the expanding industry that is here to stay. So how will marijuana affect public health? In Oregon the distribution of the tax revenue is going to be funded into schools, mental health services, State Police and Oregon Health Authority. Last year Colorado brought in $60.1 million in taxes. All of the taxed money from sales here will be used as a way of advancing and educating Oregon’s public health. Upon researching fiction and nonfiction many inferences have been drawn as to what Marijuana is going to do in the future. On top of that, insights from a few subjects have been compiled to see what different peoples thoughts on the topic are. What it all comes down to is that even if you don’t use the plant it is still going to have some impact on you. 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Maturity Essay Example For Students

Maturity Essay Maturity Essay The theme of maturity shows that in order to mature, people must except change and lose their innocence. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye Holden Caulfield shows many times he does not like change, and neither does he want to accept it. During the story, Holden get depressed thinking of all the changes in the world. Holden tries to ignore the process of maturity, which is his one goal in the story. Holden sees childhood is just a time of innocence, curiosity, and honesty. That person may feel as if I have no respect for them, and I wouldnt want to come across as being disrespectful. When I come into contact with a person who is of less or the same authority as me, such as friends, associates, people I work with, and sometimes teachers. I say teachers because some teachers allow students converse with them the same way the would to a friend. Anyway, if that were the case then I would totally change the way that I act with these people to a way that is more comfortable or, more myself. I enjoy being with people who are more on my level then those who have more authority then me because, then you dont have to be fake, or act in a way that is just a front to your true personality. With these people they are most likely not going to think any less of you because of the way you act because 9 times out of 10 they act in the same ways that you do. In conclusion I would like to say that being with people who are more like you can in some ways be a bad thing and sometimes be a good thing because being around the same people all the time will give you less of a chance to grow. Where as being around people who have more authority over you, and possibly know a little more about life then you do can help you grow. Bibliography: .

Trends That Affect the Restaurant Business free essay sample

This has driven people to seek easier ways of coping with the many demands on their time. Consequently, convenience has become a major factor when making consumption decisions. The challenge: How can you make your restaurant more accessible and time-efficient for your target clientele? †¢ A growing awareness of the importance of health maintenance has raised the demand for healthier choices in restaurants as well as in take-out foods. Health issues and diet consciousness increasingly influence what and where people choose to eat. The challenge: How can your restaurant attract and better serve this growing segment of the market by offering healthier choices? †¢ Many people are defying the stereotypical patterns linked with their age group. These behavioral changes express themselves as older adults become more accepting of casual dress wear and activities usually associated with younger adults, teens walk around with wallets full of allowance money, and young people with first-time credit cards are eager to exercise their spending power. We will write a custom essay sample on Trends That Affect the Restaurant Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The marketing strategies and advertising pitches that have been used to attract these groups must be reassessed. The challenge: How can your restaurant keep up with the products and services that these groups now seek and expect? †¢ Modern lifestyles, such as younger people not marrying until later in life, single-parent households, and gender complexities are also affecting spending patterns, requiring businesses to evaluate how well they meet the needs of these groups. The challenge: How can your restaurant broaden its appeal to give these groups more reasons to favor you with their patronage? †¢ Many people seek relief from daily stress through small indulgences, such as comfort foods that help them escape the day’s pressures. The challenge: How can your restaurant satisfy those needs through in-house or take-out offerings? †¢ Consumers are bombarded with commercials touting the good life and increasingly want to participate in it. Lower- and middleincome earners are searching for experiences that give them a taste of luxury on a low budget. The challenge: How can you upgrade your menu, service, or ambiance to satisfy those desires while keeping your prices affordable? †¢ Diners appear to be seeking greater sensory fulfillment and are more willing to experiment with new foods. Your guests’ experience includes what they see, hear, touch, taste and smell at every point in your restaurant. The challenge: How can your restaurant match their expectations? †¢ The growth of ethnic populations in America presents opportunities to restaurants that are welcoming and address their wants and needs. These market segments represent a huge volume of buying power. The challenge: How can your restaurant extend its marketing outreach to these groups and capitalize on the opportunities they present? Reports on these and other trends are available from Datamonitor. The National Restaurant Association also informs its members on industry trends through its newsletter, SmartBriefs; its annual Restaurant Industry Operations Report; and its Educational Foundation publications.

Oliver Twist Essays - English-language Films,

Oliver Twist Charles Dickens, probably one of the most popular writer and humorist of his century was born at Landport in Portsea, on February seventh, 1812. His father, John Dickens was a clerk in a navy-pay office, and mother Elizabeth Borrow, along with his eight other siblings, which the other two died in infancy, lived in Portsea, and were fairly poor. Because of the arising poverty in his life time, Charles Dickens was forced to work as a child laborer when he was just twelve year of age. Although Charles Dickens faced many challenges in his young life, his love for writing dominated all of the challenges he faced in life. Perhaps, his book, Oliver Twist, was about, well, mainly about his life as a child. Although Dickens wrote Oliver Twist while he was finishing The Pickwick Papers and editing Bentley's Miscellany, he managed to make the novel remarkable for it's clarity of purpose and it's sustained intensity(The Cambridge guide to Literature in English; Ian Ousby). The story that lies behind the infamous story of a little orphan boy named Oliver is very different from his other previous novels. Other critics say that Oliver Twist is barely a novel, but more as a satire or sarcasm about the victorian era. First of all, the story begins with a young woman who gave birth to a boy whom they named Oliver. The young woman did not even have any time to hold her new born, but just in time to kiss him, then shortly died after that, the boy on the other hand survived, not knowing what kind of twist and turn his life would take as he grows and faces the real world. As the boy grew in a very vain and cruel environment, his turns in life was not going too good either. Having the parish not enough facilities for his care, Oliver was forced to move and work as a child laborer and in the care of a very greedy woman named Mrs. Mann. Child labor was very common back then, and there was an actual law that was set to eliminate poverty by starving the poor, that was called the Poor Law of 1834.(The Life of Charles Dickens;John Forester) Dickens used this law in his story to satarize the living in London, in the 19th century, and probably because he experienced child labor when he was growing up, and therefore tried to emphazise the way he lived back then. As soon as Oliver turned nine years old, Mr. Bumble, the beadle of the parish which where Oliver was born, took Oliver with him to work as an oakum picker. But because of the increasing of poverty, Oliver and the other workers were only fed little pieces of food. In the midst of starvation, one of Oliver's friend pursued Oliver to ask for some more food, and by that, Oliver was taken to a dark room for a week for his "disrespectfulness." Perhaps, Dickens was trying to tell the readers how the life of a poor boy be so unimportant to those who dominates him, and thus the other children living in povety also. This challenge of Oliver's life is just preparing him for the other eventful changes in his immediate future. Soon after, a reward was posted on a board for anyone who would like to take an orphan boy to their care, and will be offered five-pounds. Mr. Gamfield was willing to accept the boy for a bribe of five-pounds, but because of his bad publicity, meaning he had already lost the lives of several of his apprentices, he was told to be paid three- pounds and ten-shillings, instead of the five-pounds that was promised. Mr. Gamfield agreed to the proposition, and so did the board. Later, brought before a local judge for approval that Oliver was to be cared by Mr. Gamfield, the near sighted judge, searching for his ink bottel, caused him to look at the frightened face of Oliver, and then quickly realized that he would do something wrong if he let Oliver go with Mr. Gamfield, dropped and refused to sign the papers of approval, and told Oliver to return to the workhouse where the offering of five-pounds to anyone that

Black Legend essays

Black Legend essays William of Orange once stated, Spain committed such horrible excesses that all the barbarities, cruelties, and tyrannies ever perpetrated before are only games in comparison to what happened to the poor Indians. This statement can be viewed in several different ways: truthful, hypocritical, harsh...the list goes on. William was correct in his statement except for the first word, Spain. Even though Spain did commit horrible offenses against the Indians, William of Orange, and the rest of the European settlers, should be included in that statement. Every settler that came over to the New World, whether they were aware of it or not, condoned the horrible excesses bestowed upon the Indians. Although several other nations were involved in the horrific crimes against the Indians, Spain may have been the worst in their treatment of the natives they encountered. The Spanish felt that servitude was a natural right, especially if you were born into so form of nobility. Dona Isabel De Guevara was a woman who was born into the position of princess. She came over to the New World only to find the men weak and the food supply scarce at best. She then wrote a letter back to the Queen asking for encomiendas, or serfs. The request was granted and Guevara received several Indians for help with the every day chores while the men were weak. The Spaniards treated everyone they encountered in the New World inferior for selfish reasons. They felt that Western Europe was the center of the world and there means of living were the civilized way. There reasoning for colonization was Gold, God, and Glory. The Pope, thousands of miles away, created the Papal Bull of 1493 that divided the world between Spain and Portugal. This bold statement shows the audacity of the Spanish towards the newly discovered Natives. Even though measures were tak ...

Organizational Behavior Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Behavior - Movie Review Example Similarly, Nanny employs the goal setting and reinforcement theories. She is committed to changing the children’s behavior by teaching them the five lessons. Fundamentally, goal-setting theory centers on devising targets, showing commitment, and creating support systems (Borkowski, 2011). The employment of the reinforcement theory is evident when the children pretend to have contracted measles. Nanny punishes the children by giving them concoctions while indoors (Doran & Jones, 2006). The application of attribution theory is evident in the Nanny McPhee movie. Borkowski (2011) contends that attribution theory centers on the way and the reason people explain events in a certain manner. Attributions inform the behavioral and emotional responses (Borkowski, 2011). Nanny identified that destructive and unbearable behavior of the children, and planned on a workable way to change them. The spirit of optimism pointed by Borkowski motivated Nanny to endeavor to change the children’s behavior. The children were unruly to everyone, including Mr. Brown (Doran & Jones, 2006). Similarly, Nanny McPhee promoted the psychological closeness that enabled the children to adjust their

Ford or Apple Code of Ethics- Business ethic paper Term

Ford or Apple Code of Ethics- Business ethic - Term Paper Example Chief Executive Ethical Statement As Chief Executive of Apple Inc., I believe that in order for the organization to survive and succeed, it must have a sound set of beliefs on which to base all its policies and actions. In addition, faithfulness to those beliefs is what will ensure corporate success, because it will influence our consumers as to our commitment to being socially responsible. Ferrell et al 2001), states that the globalization process brings individuals of different nations, who bring their cultures, their laws, their values, and different sets of moral and ethical standards to business situations, and to this Apple Inc is totally cognizant, and will utilize such diverse resources to constantly update its ethical code of conduct, to more meaningfully reflect high degrees of relevance to what obtains in the market (Ferrell, F. 2001). Finally, if the organization is going to meet the challenges of changing world market conditions, it must be prepared to reinvent itself co nstantly around those established beliefs (Hitt, W.D 1990) Apple Inc. Statement of Ethical Principle Apple shall commit itself to invest in the communication means for educating the company employees, business associates and shareholders, to enable them achieve their full potentials in terms of ethical behaviors. To this end it will endeavor to: - Step up its audit and training at all locations around the world. - Make every effort to train all new employees during the first three months of their employment and periodically afterwards (www.dept.ttu.edu/financialandforms/codeofconduct-1-p4f.). - Introduce new guidelines for ethical standards on dormitories, juvenile protection, medical non discriminations, pregnancy non-discrimination, and avoidance of involuntary labors, wages, equitable distribution benefits and the scheduling of working hours especially in Asia and Africa. - Evaluate its Management Commitment Index on a quarterly basis. - Monitor the ethics of the recruitment proc ess on quarterly basis across all organizational lines. - Rate its Suppliers Responsibility Conformance Index. And take action where appropriate. - Promote the highest levels of free expression of ideas and opinions across all organizational lines. -Protect the dignity and privacy of its employees, and ensure confidentiality in all records kept, as well as in their personal lifestyles. Apple Inc. - Outline of Code of Ethics: The Code of Ethics shall be developed along the following outline, A. Introduction B The purpose of the code of ethics C. The Chief Executive ethical prospective D. Apple Statement of Ethical Principles E. Corporate Responsibilities F. Relationship with Shareholders G. Implementation Policies H. Quality Assurance Audits I. Reporting Procedures J. Communication Policies (www.bcorporation.net) K. Educational Strategy Implementation Policies The Code of Ethics for Apple Inc. will be implemented using a 12 step program (www.bcorporation.net). At the outset the progr am will be subjected to endorsements, integration, circulation, employee feedback, affirmations, contract affiliations, mandatory regular reviews, training, enforcement procedures, translations, networking, and annual reporting. (www.bcorporation.net). Apple Inc. embraces John Stuart Mill’

The Value Issues Positive vs. Negative PowerPoint Presentation

The Value Issues Positive vs. Negative - PowerPoint Presentation Example There are four steps a manager should follow that is; establish credibility, connect with the audience, reinforce your position and frame goals to observe a common ground. According to McClelland, power is a basic motivator stirred by the desire to have a strong impact on others. There are two faces of power the personal power and socialized power. Personal power places an individual in a situation of I win and you lose thus dominate over them. Conversely, socialized power is where one is concerned by the needs of others placing the individual in win- win situation. Although socialized power is a positive attitude towards power, individuals degenerate and inculcate the personal power. Managers face a hoard of questions while doing their duty. In fact, some managers feel that in order to be influential they have to give out less power to the workers which are wrong thinking. Power is paradoxical, the more you give the more you

Social Interaction Activities In Public Spaces Cultural Studies Essay

Social Interaction Activities In Public Spaces Cultural Studies Essay These public spaces are used for various activities based on which the activities can be divided into necessary activities, optional activities, and social activities. Necessary activities include those, which are more or less compulsory going to school or work, shopping, going to supermarkets, waiting at bus stops or waiting for a person, running errands, distributing mails- in other words, all activities in which those involved are to a greater or lesser degree required to participate. In general, all everyday activities and pastimes are included in this group. The major activities included are most walking related ones. As these activities are necessary ones and will take place throughout the year, under nearly all conditions, and are more or less independent of the exterior environment. The participants have no choice. Optional activities this category includes such activities as taking a walk to get a breath of fresh air, standing around enjoying life, or sitting and sunbathing. These activities can only take place when the weather conditions are favorable. This relationship is particularly important in connection with physical planning because most of the recreational activities that are pleasant to pursue outdoors are found precisely in this category. These activities are especially dependent on exterior physical conditions. Social activities are those that depend on the presence of others in the public spaces. Social activities may include children at play, people greeting each other, a lot of communal activities. Simply seeing and talking to each other are also included in this category. Public spaces are of vital importance because they shape peoples experience about understanding the city and of the culture. They become the citys identity. Lawrence halprin describes this process: our collective perception of cities depends on the landscape of open spaces. In our imagination of cities it is these open spaces that we remember. They are the places where people congregate to walk and shop and picnic, to play and bicycle and drive. It is these places that we use and in which we encounter each other and participate in that communal life we call city. ( Halprin, 1981, p.4) This is a result of the way people use the city, the way they commute or travel around the city, the placement of major civic and public institutions, social and gathering spaces, ceremonial spaces, location of significant public events, and spaces for recreation and leisure. These places are an expression of the public culture of a city like the way pubic institutions are. They demonstrate the relationship between the state and the citizens and express the cultures urban values. Pubic space plays an important role in the citys social and environmental life. Public space is often mistaken as the space between two buildings or, merely the all the remaining spaces and street corners. Initially no thought was given to the planning of public spaces, buildings were considered more important. After placing all the structures and important buildings the remaining area was converted to public space. Buildings were considered as the life of cities and were made iconic. Lot of money, manpower and energy was spent in the make of an iconic structure. But an iconic building cant make a city iconic. What makes a city iconic are its public and open spaces and when these public spaces are actively used by people they add to the additional value. A public space is named public because of the people using it. It belongs to the public of that area or city. Everyone are free to use it and dont have to pay any entrance fee to use or access it. It is a place where people from all caste, culture, religion and age can come, sit or take advantage of. I believe that public space should be a place for everyone and that a place should not be defined by its designer, but by its user. Currently many public spaces are impersonal with little thought into the facilities offered for the people who use it. If local people do not feel connected to a place it decays and social interaction around the place is lost. The aim is to create engaging places; increases the enjoyment people have in those spaces; or add something to existing locations in order to encourage a positive response to that space where people interact with the environment and with each other. Elements of a public space. Any public space gets affected by a number of factors. There are reasons why a particular space is formed or you may say redesigned. Some spaces such as public squares or plazas were formed in the early 18th or early 19th century due to the revolution taking place. The main purpose behind creating these public spaces was that people could gather here during times of trouble or any event. Also these squares were centrally located so people could access them from anywhere plus they represented the citys history, culture and became iconic sites of the cities. They became one of the most visited tourist destinations. The centre square mostly contained important art or statues of the person responsible for the cities reform and formation. Some of them were formed due to the political scene of the city. During election times some party made some good public spaces. Some public spaces like street markets, parks, centre squares were formed or designed taken into account the citys social and cultural scene. While some of street markets were just formed by the local people or the community living there marking the culture of the space. Some spaces were just formed due to the citys demands and needs. Other factors which affect or make a public space are streets, climate, interaction, furniture, shopping, culture, playfulness, rallys, religions, money, demonstrations, events, material, health, legislation, policies, law and order, housing schemes, security, environment, crime scenes, government policies, art, architecture, construction details, local community and last but not the least people. In short the main factors which affect any public space are listed below: Political: mostly during countries reform or some election events and rallys Economic: the countries development affects its public space. Developed countries have different public spaces whereas developing ones have a different notion and atmosphere of public space. Cultural: the countries culture affects the public space the most. Its mostly reflected in the appearance of the public space. Social: the people living there are to ones which make their public spaces. Its said that people space their space and then in return the space shapes the people around. London as a cultural hub. From being home to many national treasures, museums, libraries, galleries and universities, London is also a centre for global and contemporary culture. London attracts many visitors for its popular and creative culture and also for its interactive informal exciting spaces. For example, you will see artists plating live music in most of the underground stations, theres live music going at Camden markets and other street markets. Also many stores and bookshops keep on holding any events and fares to attract customers. Its a city which makes peoples visit even more interesting, interactive, fun and makes every visit of theirs worthwhile. When compared to the other cities around the world, London leads with an impressive count. London is the largest city in Europe, with a dramatic variation of people from all ages and cultures offering a huge amount of design opportunities. Population of London is approximately 7 million. London has a diverse range of population, which comprises people from Asia, China, and Europe and also from the states. London also shows diversity in age of this population. You find young school going children, to university graduates, mid age office crowd and also a large number of old retired people. Also you will find a number of school, colleges, universities spread all around London. Because of which it has become a hub for students and learning. Also many international companies have their headquarters here, which make it business hub. The political scene in London appears to be quite stable. Thus all the above factors like, diverse culture, economic opportunities, age ratio, political stability, have made a huge impact on the public life and public places. Table 1.1 major cultural indicators (source: cultural audit, 2009) Indicator London New York Paris Shanghai Tokyo No. Of public galleries 92 N/A 59 6 40 No. Of specialist art HE institutions 12 7 3 15 N/A No. Of national museums 22 16 19 6 8 No. Of other museums 162 85 138 100 71 UNESCO world heritage sites 4 1 2 0 0 No. Of public libraries 395 255 303 248 369 Table 1.2 creative industries indicators ( source: cultural audit, 2009) Indicator London New York Paris Shanghai Tokyo No. Of music venues 400 151 122 148 132 Music performances per year 32.292 22,204 3612 11,736 7419 Theatrical performances per yr 17,295 12,045 15,598 3117 8281 No. Of theatres concert halls 215 111 158 137 132 No. Of cinemas 105 264 88 49 105 No. Of bookshops 927 498 1,076 300 N/A No. Of nightclubs, discos etc 306 279 277 N/A N/A No. O festivals. 200 81 40 22 N/A Social interaction: important element of public spaces. They are our streetscapes and promenades According to us gardens, parks, squares are all the spaces that make a public space. This belief is not incorrect but has to transform. We need to widen our views and think of the bigger picture. We conveniently forget about the streets, paths and the roads on which we travel everyday or rather use daily. We dont consider the above ones as public spaces, but if looked in detailed these are the ones, which are used publicly the most. We dont appreciate but these spaces offer a great deal to our lives than any other spaces. These streets and pathways is where maximum interaction takes place. Meeting people, talking to each other, greeting one another, flirting, talking over the phone while waiting for the bus, queuing at he bus stop, all these activities leads to interaction and takes place on the streets, pathway, and bus stops which we generally use for walking, travelling and to reach out to our final destination. All we expect from these connecting spaces is a flat paved area to walk on, a dustbin, sometimes a bench to sit to munch on a sandwich or sip coffee. A place where maximum interaction takes place offers us very little in terms of services and activities. All the attention is mostly given to the redesigning and improvement of parks, squares and the everyday active streets and pathways are always neglected. These spaces have always been overlooked and taken granted for. The streets and pathways become like a lunch place for those who dont have time to go to a restaurant and for those whos lunch just comprises of grabbing a sandwich and eating on the streets or the bus stops. Even with many coffee shops or restaurant options we still like to munch on the noisy streets or sip coffee looking at the people pass by. The main reason behind this is that we love people, we like to watch people, we like interaction. Even though we eat alone on the streets the sense of people being around makes us feel less lonely. Generally, these spaces whish are used daily have been neglected by the government and remain unimproved. Its the local community or some private organizations or simply the people residing in the nearby areas, which come ahead and make arrangements to make these spaces better. They make a sincere effort to convert these unpleasant under walks to cleaner, brighter and fresher places. Pleasant spaces that make our daily commuting journey memorable. Same way if the government looked into this matter and offered more to people using them, it would not only make our journey pleasant but also would make it healthier. For example, if the streets and pathways are made better by putting new paving, made wider, installed with street furniture where people can sit, talk with each other, munch a sandwich or sip coffee, it would encourage people to walk down the corner or use cycles instead of cars for shorter distance, in a way also helping in a healthier, greener environment. A small change ca n make a big impact on our lives. Same way making small changes on our everyday streets and pathways can have a huge impact on our lives. They would make our journeys memorable, pleasurable and healthier. Below are some case studies where streets and pathways are considered as public spaces and redesigned taking people into account and offering them what they demand for. People are better than no people The above saying is said by an old woman counting her last breaths at a hospital bed, surrounded by a few nurses and a doctor she said people are better than no people. Even during her last few hours she wished for people, she wished someone was there at her side during her last few hours. She wished her people were there beside her to make her feel secure and comfortable. Even though she couldnt talk much she longed to see her loved ones. Just the sight of a few nurses and the doctor made her comfortable and secure even during the most dreadful moment. She said even if we arent in talking terms with some of our loved ones just a sight of them is worth it than staying alone and dying a lonely death. It applies the same way to others also, to share our happiness, to exchange the bad news in the most dreadful of all moments, in loneliness, in life and death we need people around. Even if not to share, the visual sight of people being around or just a person around makes us breathe a sign of relief. More than the need or necessity its the psychological factor because of which we long to see people or just a person around and need some physical contact. Hence more than the need, necessity and longing its the psychology and human behavior that leads us to talk to other people and interact. Socializing, communicating or meeting other people has a lot of other advantages than just the psychological factor. Firstly the good part is that we interact and talk to people, talking to other people teaches us a lot of things. We express our thoughts, our feelings, and our views. We share our happiness and sadness; we share our griefs and beliefs. They say that our happiness multiplies when sha red with someone, while our grief minuses when told to someone. Great ideas come from others, same way, talking to others, sharing views leads to some new innovation everyday. Speaking to someone we acquire knowledge about a lot of things before unknown to us, like, we learn new things about the city, about the culture, history of the city. We understand new traditions and cultures. We get to know people from diverse cultures and their ideas about life, philosophy and lifestyle. We gain knowledge about the daily happenings, city status, country status, the latest news, political and social endeavors, weather updates, season changes, news about social events, sports activities, background information and many other things. Finding out new things or getting to know about the happenings increases excitement in us. A research also shows that talking to people reduces stress and tension. Refrence. Apart from acquiring knowledge a lot of other things are also learnt from interaction, like , we laugh, we inspire, we get inspired, we share, we learn, listen, we fight, we pray, we hope and the most important thing is we care. All these emotions are very important to lead a healthy, happy and normal life. http://www.wikihow.com/Relieve-Stress http://www.essortment.com/all/stressreliefte_psh.htm http://www.tipsforpanicattacks.net/waystorelievestress.html THE DESIGN It all started with giving something more to people than they actually deserved, especially at spaces which they used daily. These spaces were not parks or gardens but spaces like the streets, pathways which people used daily to travel, walk and reach their destination. Spaces were maximum interaction takes place unintentionally and which still have the capability to give more. Spaces where maximum people are already present, and all you have to do is give them some character, some urge, some environment, some force to interact. For the same I couldnt think of a place other than a local bus stop. A bus stop is one such place, which is accessed by one and all. Its a connecting or you may say a waiting point for people going to work, children travelling to school, people going to church, people going for grocery shopping or any other social activities. Its a waiting hub for a diverse range of people. You see people from different cultures, different age groups, different communities and religion waiting for a single purpose called commuting. Where you have so many people around and waiting, why not provide some interesting features and make their wait fun? Why not create an environment which forces people to interact, to talk to each other? Thinking on the same lines, it was possible to make peoples journey more fun, more interesting and more exciting. A wait in an environment where people interact with each other without realizing they are forced to do so. For the same, the bus stop chosen was a local one called Christchurch located near the ealing broadway tube station, west London. This bus stop is on the uxbridge road and is the closest to the mall, church, tube station, shopping stores, banks etc. Plus all the buses travelling towards uxbridge make a stop here. Its the centre of all the major activities, filled with people waiting for the bus almost at any time of the day. A live survey was done at the same bus stop al day long for three consecutive days. Busiest being the morning hours from 8.00 am to 10.00 am and the evenings from 5.30 pm to 7.00 pm. The mornings and evenings at the mentioned time above you usually see a lot of office crowd, and the rest of the day specially at noon hours you meet a lot of old people. After interviewing most of the people it was found that waiting at the bus stop had been one of their major and daily activities. Specially the older people, their routine considers of going to the bus stop, then grocery store, then back to bus stop and then back home. The main reason of having this routine is meeting people at the grocery store, having some kind of interaction with at least the sales person or even with come of them at the bus stop. Inteviews HOW DID YOU COME TO THE CONCUSION FURNITURE IS BEST FOR INTERACTION. WHY FURNITURE Examples of good public spaces Millennium Park Various designers Chicago, USA (2005) Millennium Park is a massive 10-hectare project based in Chicago at a central location is a combination of art, architecture and landscape design as a single public space design. It was a 450 million dollar budget, centrally located and can be used as a public event space or even as an informal space. Its a major destination for all recreational activities. The project was created with an initial idea to create a green park to block the unattractive railway lines and car parks, which had strewn the lakefront. These tracks and car parks were seen since the city had neglected the lake and its development. A simple project, which has turned out to be the most ambitious project in USA and one of the most successful public spaces in terms of aesthetics and the use by people. A perfect park with a blend of space, form and function, which bring people together for recreation, interaction and fun contributing to a healthier life. The park has different elements designed by great architects and artists. Like at the centre of the park is a pavilion designed by Frank Gehry, which is used as an outdoor space for events, concerts and other social gatherings. It consists of a proscenium surrounded by Gehrys trademark curves of stainless steel with a large steel trellis spanning the entire auditorium. Connected to the pavilion is the first bridge project which spans from Columbus drive, linking millennium park to daley bicentennial plaza and Chicago lakefront system. Connecting all the major points, and people can take a walk through all. Another interesting element is an elliptical jellybean shaped sculpture by Artist Anish Kapoor, a graduate from University of Arts London, and his first public project in USA.its called the bean because its shape is like a bean. The elliptical jelly is inspired by the liquid mercury, and made of steel, so it reflects the city, clouds and people. Its makes us look at our feel that w e are responsible for our city, our people, and the environment we live in. Its also a way to showcase the beautiful Chicago skyline and weather with people along. Another sculpture is a crown fountain designed by artist Laume Plensa, from Spain. The fountain comprises of black granite reflecting pool, placed between two glass block towers. The glass block towers are 15.24m high and at each end of the reflecting pool. They display graphic animation videos and photos, which are constantly changing with the help of LED lights. This was one of the most notable works done by artist Laume Plensa, and is highly successful. It took about 18 million dollars to build this fountain, but the good thing is that it encouraged physical interaction between people and water. Most of the pictures and videos displayed on the tower are mostly of people from Chicago. So most of the people come to see this fountain hoping to see themselves on the tower. Its a perfect public play area, an interaction space and also an area to beat the heat during summers. Another interesting element is the garden located near the pavilion designed by the team of Kathryn Gustafson, Piet Oudolf and Robert Israel. The garden is a combination of architecture, planning and lighting. The garden contains a variety of spaces, which helps people enjoy and encourages interaction. It contains small and large spaces, pedestrian areas, pathways etc. that invites more and more people. The millennium park is a perfect blend of pavilions, bridges, parks, sculpture, and art designed by various and famous artists and architects from all around the globe. Its a park which has all activities going on, thanks to the different elements present in it, like the pavilion, the elliptical bean shaped sculpture, the fountain, garden, and the bridge. With elements all over it attracts people and encourages interaction, being a perfect communities space. Though it contains sculpture and structures been designed taking into account peoples need, citys demand, environment, atmosphere but also doesnt neglect aesthetics. USF SQUARE 3RW Architects Bergen, Norway This public space was designed by local architects called 3RW architects and is situated in the Norwegian city of Bergen. This space was initially a car park, which used to be dusty in summer, filled with puddles in rains and slippery in winter. It needed a practical solution and redesigning hence it was decided to cover the whole area with concrete surface. This plaza is used as an artist workshop and also as a restaurant. During the redesign the clients initially wanted a stepped plaza, but the architects convinced to have a sloping concrete surface. They made it as a concrete surface so that it would be rough enough and be less slippery especially during the wet icy weather. A special arrangement is made during winters, heating elements were laid under the concrete so the ice melts and can be used as a public area no matter any weather conditions. This plaza also leads to the cultural centre. Concrete was laid in a grid of 16ft X 16ft and fitted with corten steel strips to create dividers and make shallow gaps. To help make this place interesting at night fibre optics were put into two glass boxes in concrete. An architectural solution to help people use the public space any time they needed to enjoy the weather, have some recreation, interaction and fun. A space to near the water body, a calm restaurant invites many people and helps to promote social interaction. New public spaces The growth of community led projects is creating public space that has a very local and specific uses related to local needs and physical qualities and features of their local environment. Give the people something different Serpentine pavilion Kensington garden, London. Serpentine pavilion is a different kind of public space, situated in Kensington gardens in London. Kensington garden is a huge park with people visiting at all times. To make it more exciting and invite more people