Euoplocephalus - Facts and Figures

Name: Euoplocephalus (Greek for well-armored head); pronounced YOU-oh-plo-SEFF-ah-luss Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and two tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large spines on back; quadrupedal posture; clubbed tail; armored eyelids About Euoplocephalus Probably the most evolved, or derived, of all the ankylosaurs, or armored dinosaurs, Euoplocephalus was the Cretaceous equivalent of the Batmobile: this dinosaurs back, head and sides were completely armored, even its eyelids, and it wielded a prominent club on the end of its tail. One can imagine that the apex predators of late Cretaceous North America (such as Tyrannosaurus Rex) went after easier prey, since the only way to kill and eat a full-grown Euoplocephalus would be to somehow flip it onto its back and dig into its soft belly--a process that might entail a few cuts and bruises, not to mention the occasional loss of limb. Although its close cousin Ankylosaurus gets all the press, Euoplocephalus is the best-known ankylosaur among paleontologists, thanks to the discovery of over 40 more-or-less complete fossil specimens (including about 15 intact skulls) in the American west. However, since the remains of multiple Euoplocephalus males, females, and juveniles have never been found heaped together, its likely that this plant-eater led a solitary lifestyle (though some experts hold out hope that Euoplocephalus roamed the North American plains in small herds, which would have afforded them an extra layer of protection against hungry tyrannosaurs and raptors). As well-attested as it is, theres still a lot about Euoplocephalus that we dont understand. For example, theres some debate about how usefully this dinosaur could wield its tail club in combat, and whether this was a defensive or offensive adaptation (one can imagine male Euoplocephalus bonking each other with their tail clubs during mating season, rather than trying to use them to intimidate a hungry Gorgosaurus). There are also some tantalizing hints that Euoplocephalus may not have been as slow and plodding a creature as its anatomy would indicate; perhaps it was able to charge at full speed when enraged, like an angry hippopotamus! Like many dinosaurs of North America, the type specimen of Euoplocephalus was discovered in Canada rather than the U.S., by the famous Canadian paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in 1897. (Lambe originally named his discovery Stereocephalus, Greek for solid head, but since this name turned out to be already preoccupied by another animal genus, he coined Euoplocephalus, well-armored head, in 1910.) Lambe also assigned Euoplocephalus to the stegosaur family, which was not quite as big a blunder as it may seem, since stegosaurs and ankylosaurs are both classified as thyreophoran dinosaurs and not as much was known about these armored plant-eaters 100 years ago as it is today.

I Am Experiencing Through Self Assessment - 1674 Words

Presently, I am experiencing through self – assessment which is continuous procedure that will lead me to choice settling on in my decisions Career. I accept profession fulfillment should come with a career where I will pursue and utilize my skills, that fits with my interests and identity in accordance with my values. I will like to see myself setting up businesses as entrepreneur, beginning with family farm own business by restoring it with experience gained over the course of studied and ongoing research from time to time. I will likewise like to see some of my invented items on display in different retail outlet. IDENTIFY THREE STRENGTH I WILL BRING TO AN ORGANIZATION AS A LEADER ï  ¶ Team building ï  ¶ Strategizing ï  ¶ Influencing †¢ Team†¦show more content†¦In some work arenas, like airplane cockpits, communication can be a matter of life and death. For leaders and organizations, poor communication costs money and wastes time. Good communication can also help a company retain its star employees. Surveys find that when employees think their organization do a good job of keeping them informed about matters that affect them and they have access to the information they need to do their jobs, they are more satisfied with their employers. ‘’When you foster ongoing communications internally, you will have more satisfied employees who will be better equipped to effectively communicate with your customers,’’ says Susan Meisinger, President/CEO of the society for Human Resource Management. Creating Team Norm using Communication Team members develop particular ways of interacting and accomplishing work. They fall into habits and patterns around behaviors such as keeping commitment, meeting deadlines, planning next steps, and decision making. †¢ Strategic – one of my strength is strategizing and I will clearly define the purpose of the organization and to establish realistic goals and objectives consistent with that film mission in a defined time frame within the organization’s capacity for implementation. It requires taking a board view, involving the right people, with important information and perspectives, asking probing questions and facilitating

Emotional Connection Between Infants And Their Primary...

Attachment refers to the emotional connection that matures between infants and their primary caregivers throughout the first year of life. Attachment appears to be a universal feature of development in all cultures. Its importance has led to a continuing debate about the value of attachment in infancy on children’s later development. (Wallace Caulfield, 1998). There are three key theories that have dominated the literature on attachment: Sigmund Freud, Konrad Lorenz and John Bowlby. Bowlby’s theory proposes justifications of how parent-infant interactions shape their adaptive behavioural capabilities in response to emotional and social involvements. (Colin, 1994). The multifaceted nature of attachment creates a dynamic theoretical perspective. There are two fundamental dimensions: attachment as a behavioural system, and as a development system. The behavioural system is the idea that human infants – like other mammals – are endowed with a specific behavio ural system and the aim is to maintain close contact with their caregiver. (Sperling Berman, 1994). Attachment as a developmental process states that parental sensitivity and the child’s ability to trust the caregiver’s accessibility is the root of a person’s formation of healthy processing. (Erickson, 1950). Ainsworth (1969) developed a standardised procedure called the ‘strange situation’. It was designed to identify the different types of parent-child attachments. It involved a series of separations from and reunionsShow MoreRelatedBowlby s Evolutionary Theory Of Attachment1497 Words   |  6 Pagesas a strong, mutual, emotional connection or relationship formed between two people, mostly between infant and its caregiver. According to Macoby (1988) attachment has four key characteristics which are: proximity; where an infant always want to stay near the attached caregiver. Separation anxiety; is when the infant is distressed when separated from the caregiver. Pleasure, when the infant and the caregiver feel pleasure at reunion and lastly frequent contact; where the infant is always consciousRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1421 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding emotional reactions in infants but also in love, loneliness, and grief in adults. In adults there are attachment styles that are a type of working model that explains certain behaviors that are developed at infancy and childhood. An infant requires two basic attitudes during their earliest interactions with adults. The first is an attitude about their self-esteem that drives from their own perspective of their self. The behavioral and emotional reactions of their caregiver gives informationRead MorePsychological Theories, Freudian, Object Relational, And The Main Components Of Attachment And Object Relations Theory1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the course of life. The oral stage begins from birth and lasts approximately eight to nine months of the infant’s life. The infant begins to feel gratification or pleasure from the mouth region or through oral stimulation. For example, stimulation from sucking, pleasure from eating, and swallowing/biting, are the beginning activities that the infant first experiences sexual urges in psychosexual development. The childâ€℠¢s personality development is formed by the id (Garcia, 1995). TheRead MoreThe Mother And The Baby Enter The Room744 Words   |  3 Pagescomfort, crucial in the healthy development of forming relationships for infants and children. The concept of attachment is a positive emotional bond between a child and an individual of particular importance to the child. According to the earliest of scientific developments, children who form social bonds with their direct caregivers ultimately lead a more well-balanced and fulfilling life. Forming the appropriate bonds with an infant is especially important during their first year of development. DuringRead MoreWhat Are The Goals Of Early Head Start?1712 Words   |  7 Pagesnfant to Age Five Child Care What are the goals of Early Head Start? The goals or priorities of this is to provide safe and developmentally enriching caregiving. To support parent, mother and father, in the role as primary caregivers. The teaching of the children, and family in meeting personal goals. Being able to successfully achieve self sufficiency across a wide variety of domains. Communities being mobilized to provide proper resources and environment that is necessary. But also, to ensureRead MoreThe s Theory Of Human Attachment1421 Words   |  6 Pagesdisciplinarian, caregiver, and attachment figure (Benoit, 2004). However, the most important role for parents is as an attachment figure, which can predict the child’s later social and emotional outcome. The first six months, therefore, is the most crucial period for parents and infants to develop this connection. Many people often have mistaken attachment with bonding. Bonding is referring to physical contact, and in this case depended on skin-t o-skin contact child during early infant years. This conceptRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MoreThe Experiment By Mary Ainsworth1252 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelop healthy attachments concludes the report. Attachment Issues in Development: An Evaluation of the ‘Strange Situation’ Many people assume that infants are naturally attached to their mothers or both parents. This notion is not entirely true. Research has shown that this is a two-way process infant and parent or caregiver must achieve over some amount of time. A caregiver’s response to a child makes a difference in what kind of attachment a child develops currently and in the futureRead MoreAttachment Is The Emotional Bond Created By A Child With Their Primary Caregiver1568 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment is the emotional bond created by a child with their primary caregiver, which is normally the mother. An example of attachment would be if the mother left the baby, and the baby cries from her absence. The connection normally begins when the child is around six months of age. It’s key for infants to develop. Babies aren’t comfortable away from their mothers. It varies around the world, but it is still very important no matter where the infant is from. It is mainly studied. (Chil d Adolescent

Erik Erikson s Theory And Theory - 908 Words

Both Erik Erikson’s theory and Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby theory support the idea that early life experiences impact the person across their lifespan. Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the eight stages of life and the forces and values that arise at each stage, which should be developed within this frame. The attachment theory focuses on the interaction an individual has and the impact it may have on their psychological and social development. Both theories believe that personality begins to develop from a young age and therefore occurrences in early life can have lasting impacts on the developmental of an individual. An individual’s social and psychological development is significantly influenced by early life and childhood experiences. The experiences an individual has as child impacts on the development of social skills, behaviours, morals and values of an individual. Erikson’s theory, developed in 1963, supports the idea that early life experiences impact an individual across their lifespan. This theory considers that growth of an individual is a result of interaction with the environment, biological maturation and societal influences, therefore, allowing for experiences from early life, to influence an individual throughout their lifespan. Erikson’s theory focuses on eight different developmental stages within a lifespan and in order to progress from one stage to another, an individual must overcome a potential crisis of two opposing forces at eachShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory1652 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson s psychosocial theory and Sigmund Freud s psychosexual theory are two well-known theories of personality development with various similarities and differences. While Erikson was influenced by Freud s ideas, his theory differed in a number of important ways and was ultimately created to be an improvem ent to Freud’s personality development theory (Friedman Schustack, 2012). Like Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erikson agreed that personality progresses in a sequence of predeterminedRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychology1365 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Erik Erikson has made a contribution to the field of psychology with his developmental theory. He is a German psychoanalyst. Erikson said that humans develop throughout the life span. Erikson developed eight psychosocial theory stages that humans encounter throughout their life. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolveRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson’s psychosocial theory states that we go through 8 developmental stages in life. Erikson states that these stages are necessary in the progression and development of human growth from infancy into adulthood. Each developmental stage presents a crisis that must be resolved during that stage for a healthy development. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory outlines that we develop in psychosocial stages instead of psychosexual ones. I agree with Erikson because one might not get through theRead MoreErik Erikson s Development Theory1408 Words   |  6 Pages Erik Erikson’s Development theory Erik Erikson’s was born June 15, 1902, in southern Germany, His Jewish mother Karla Abrahamsen and to biological father, who was on unnamed Darnish man. Erikson’s biological abandoned him before he was born. Erikson was brought up by his mother and stepfather, Theodor Homberger, who was Erikson’s pediatrician. He never knew the true identity of his biological father. He always was in search of his identity; Erikson’s search for identity took him through someRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Development Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesMany theories have been written on the subject of human development. Each theory has been further postulated and dissected to include: social, emotional, mental, and biological development. Many theoretical approaches and frameworks have been formulated to offer possible explanations for human behavior. It is paramount for social workers to have a working knowledge of these various theoretical approaches in order to ide ntify and assess their client’s needs effectively. Theories provide basic hypothesesRead MoreErik Erikson s Development Theory1603 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson’s lifespan development theory has proven to be popular and applicable to many people. However, Erikson’s theory was a bit bias and generalized groups of people whose cultures, genders and environments did not apply to his theory. This paper will focus on Erikson’s last four stages of development, and discuss how each stage may be impacted by these various factors. Identity vs. Role Confusion The adolescence stage of development in Erikson’s theory was labeled as identity vs. role confusionRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Life Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesErik Erikson assumed that every person goes through eight stages involves a life crisis to be resolved one way or another and covers the entire life span of a human being (Santrock, 2014). Each crisis is not necessarily a catastrophic event, but a turning point and the more successfully an individual resolves each of these crises, the healthier the development will be (Santrock, 2014). Successful resolution of each stage affects the next stage and each stage is built upon, however, should thatRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson providesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial Development

Notes from the Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky - 1616 Words

Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) was a Russian novelist, journalist, and short story writer that discussed the psychological state of the human soul in many of his works, one in particular is Notes from the Underground; which was published in 1864. Notes from the Underground, had a great influence in the 20th century; the novel takes a man’s inability to communicate with society and uses it to teach readers about the importance of other humans in our daily lives and how that affects the way we think, live, and learn. Although the narrator has alienated himself from society, Dostoyevsky uses his knowledge of diction, style, grammar, and many other literary devices to show the reader that the narrator is lacking the knowledge to communicate†¦show more content†¦But never, never have I ceased to love that one, and even on the night I parted from him I loved him perhaps more poignantly than ever. (Fyodor Dostoyevsky Page 87).† This quote from the novel has multiple us es of diction, Dostoyevsky uses vocabulary such as â€Å"poignantly† and â€Å"extinguished† to describe his feelings in an intelligent manner and then the grammar of Dostoyevsky is a great way to learn how to write because his words flow together like a river thus giving the character attitude and passion for what he writes. The overall theme of Notes from the Underground is alienation; however the novels theme is more complex than that. The novel gives readers an ethic to take into account when they are feeling alienated. It takes all sides of alienation and establishes the cons of it, an example of this is the way ‘Underground Man’ deliberately arranges to be in a place where he is going to meet the officer just to refuse to move aside, allowing himselfShow MoreRelatedNotes From The Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky577 Words   |  2 PagesThe Underground Man is alone because he has chosen to be; he is hyper-conscious, meaning he is too aware and over analyses everything – his biggest worries are petty compared to what is going around him. As a society, we worry so much about ourselves and our own persona, we sometimes become paranoid. A perfect example is given when the Underground Man is on the verge of having dinner with his old comrades and he notices a stain on his trousers â€Å"The worst of it was that on the knee of my trousersRead MoreThe Underground Man Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesNotes from the Underground is a novel written by Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. In this book, Dostoyevsky illustrated his ideals through the words of his literary protagonist, the Underground Man. The Underground Man strikes the readers as a person , and one of the things that he abhors was the way in which progressive thinkers of his era worship reason. This was amusing because at the same time, he does not entirely reject reason. From analyzing the text, it is apparent that the UndergroundRead MoreThe Themes of Dostoyevsky2976 Words   |  12 Pages The Themes of Dostoyevsky Fyodor Dostoyevsky, born in 1821, would become one of the greatest writers in Russian literature. Fyodor received an education in engineering in St. Petersburg, but decided to follow a literary career. He was a person who wrote how they felt about certain topics, and felt that everyone should know about the government. Dostoyevsky joined the underground group, the Petrashevsky circle, the to bring out the truth in these books, which were forbidden in the public. ThroughRead MoreEssay about Fyodor Dostoyevsky636 Words   |  3 PagesFyodor Dostoyevsky       Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) was one of the greatest Russian novelists to ever live. There are so few authors, as Dostoyevsky was, who have had such a great impact on 20th century western literature. His works analyze social, moral, political, and psychological aspects of mankind.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821. Much of Dostoyevskys life experiences, especially early on, provided much influence for his writings. Dostoyevskys determinationRead MoreThe Underground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky875 Words   |  4 Pages Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s novel, Notes from the Underground Man, uses the idea of a modern dystopia by depicting a story that revolves around a distressed older man. Throughout the novel, the main character has a narcissistic belief that he is better than everyone else because of his acute sense of consciousness. His awareness however, also causes him to believe not only are people ignorant to the world around him but that they are also against him. In contrast, critics believe that the main characterRead MoreKnowing Is Better Than Not Knowing1676 Words   |  7 PagesKnowing is Better than Not Knowing Fyodor Dostoevsky’a novel â€Å"Notes from Underground† is known for being the first existentialist novel. A 40 year old man living in St. Petersburg, Russia known as the Underground Man works as a civil servant, but retired shortly after inheriting money from a distant relative. The Underground Man introduces himself by telling the reader, â€Å"I am a sick man. ... I am a spiteful man. I am an unattractive man† (1). He also says he could never be spiteful and how he couldRead More Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society1690 Words   |  7 Pagesthe recognition that the irrational is there, that it must be controlled to take over. Man’s aggressive nature does tend to overpower the mind, leading to irrational actions. Both Freud’s Civilization and its Discontents and Dostoyevsky’s Notes from Underground show how humans are controlled by their irrational drives and that, as a result, the attempts to create a utopia n society are futile. To take a different view of the irrational actions in humans, a cinematic frame of reference was introducedRead MoreUnderground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky1453 Words   |  6 PagesFyodor Dostoyevsky paints Underground man as someone who is tortured in his novel Notes From Underground. Despite everything that Underground man says he is lost and has no sense of his identity. When the character of Liza is introduced the reader gains some hope that the Underground man can find love. Although Underground man ultimately pushes Liza away, he really loved her through his own idea of love. Underground man shows this love for her through his first conversation with Liza, his tryingRead MoreDostoyevsky ‘Notes from Underground’ Critique Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Notes from Underground† was published in 1864 as a feature presentation of his first 1860 issue â€Å"The Epoch†. â€Å"Notes from Underground† was written by the autho r during a time when he faced many challenges in his life. Dostoyevsky faced failure in the publishing of his first journal â€Å"Time†, his financial position was becoming weaker and embarrassing. Moreover, his wife was dying and his conservatism was eroded leading to a decline in his popularity with the liberal reading Russians and consequentlyRead MoreThe Underground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky952 Words   |  4 PagesIn Notes from the Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the underground man is a man who is â€Å"living out [his] life in a [his] corner† (2) and is paralyzed by consciousness. The underground man proposes the example of revenge as a way to examine the differences between himself and the man of action; the man of action being a man who can act as opposed to the paralysis of the underground man. The man of action can act, but his position is inconsistent. The underground man thinks he will be miserable regardless

Break Stalin Essay Research Paper Break StalinDestalinization free essay sample

Break Stalin Essay, Research Paper Break Stalin Destalinization: A Wise Political Strategy Although many of his thoughts did non convey the expected consequences, Nikita Khrushchev policies of destalinization were politically wise. He went against many of Stalin s oppressive policies and gave the people a much greater sense of freedom. In the procedure known as destalinization, legal processs were restored, some greater grade of meaningful public contention was permitted, forced labour cantonments were closed and the secret constabulary tactics of Stalin s epoch were erased. Stalin s method of personal regulation was replaced by group regulation and more orderly procedures of authorities, the panic setup was mostly dismantled, the economic system was notably modernized and foreign policy was conducted with much greater diplomatic enterprise and flexibleness. There was free political treatment, a standard forty-hour work hebdomad where people were free to alter occupations, better authorities planning on production, and eased trave l limitations over the Iron Curtain. In the procedure of destalinization the metropoliss that were one time named in award of Stalin were given new names or returned to their old names1. The statues and images of Stalin were destroyed and letters were sent to households of those who were killed in conflict, which criticized Stalin s weak leading during the clip of the war. Stalin s grave was vandalized during this procedure, and Khrushchev gained blessing from the West. These policies were used to wipe out the yesteryear and ease the heads of those who suffered under the dictator2. Khrushchev worked to denounce his former leaders behaviors and clean up the image of the state on a world-wide graduated table. Khrushchev worked difficult to be agreeable with the bulk of people he ruled. He sought to contrast his ain present policies with the appendages of Stalinism, and hence reconstruct public assurance in the Soviet system.3 Possibly the most noteworthy illustration of destalinization was where Khrushchev denounced Stal in and criticized the dictator along with those who agreed with his positions. These positions which murdered so many Russian Citizens. At the twentieth All-Union Party Congress ( 1956 ) where Khrushchev delivered a secret study on The Personality Cult and Its Consequences, bitterly denouncing the regulation, policies, and personality of Stalin.4 The address was purportedly kept a secret so that the Capitalist media would non have word of it and derive an border over the Communists if they knew of the jobs happening within the party. Khrushchev accused Stalin of being responsible for mass slayings and exiles, the German invasion during World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , and the USSR s interruption with Yugoslavia. During this period the populace was given a say in the authorities, even though an highly minor one, and the judicial system eased it s aggressiveness leting a suspect a better opportunity of supporting themselves. This was called The Associates Credit Card ServicesThe Associate s Credit Card Services melt, which meant the relaxation of constabulary panic, the release of 100s of 1000s from labour cantonments, and the relaxation of censoring. A new policy of economic system was brought in known as New Course. Khrushchev concerned himself with breaking the problems of the person, trying to increase the supply of nutrient and doing goods such as place contraptions, doing cars slightly available, and supplying more lodging. A new policy of efficiency and quality control was brought in. Leadership was slightly decentralized to let common directors and managers more power to run their production units. It helped to equilibrate the agribusiness and increase nutrient production so there were less nutrient deficits. Machine and Tractor Stations ( MTSs ) were set up in the countryside with skilled mechanics employed to supply and serve agricultural machinery. The territories were allowed to make up ones mind on what harvests to works and when, instead than being dire cted from the centre. Quotas for mandatory sale to the province were eased. Thousands of immature people and Party workers were dispatched as labour and supervisory forces to make the occupation. Besides Khrushchev initiated the Virgin Lands Program in 1953, presenting intensive irrigation to increase cultivable land and therefore raise nutrient production conveying into cultivation 32 million estates of antecedently uncultivated land in Kazakhstan and southwesterly Siberia. 85,000,000 extra estates of land were under cultivation by 1956.. All these steps were identified with Khrushchev, who obviously took over agricultural policy from Malenkov in September 1953. In January 1955 Khrushchev demanded that around 70 million estates be planted in maize for fresh fish in order to increase farm animal production. The ensuing corn fields, on level and hilly state, in cold and warm parts, earned him the moniker of kukuruzchik ( the maize partisan ) . Soil eroding and unpredictable condition s wiped out whole crops, and by the mid-1960s dust storms became a serious job. Despite everything, the undertaking of spread outing agribusiness into the virgin lands succeeded, and to this twenty-four hours organize a major portion of the part s grain beginnings. In 1954, the virgin lands provided 37 million dozenss of the state s 85 million dozenss of grain. In 1956, 63m of a sum of 125m dozenss ; in 1962, 56m of a sum of 140m ; in 1963, 38m of 108m ; in 1964, 66m of 152m. Khrushchev wanted a peaceable coexistence between the US and the Soviet Union, and met with the American leading on several occasions. He cancelled a acme meeting in Paris when an American plane was shot down while descrying on the Soviet Union. It helped the war-battered state avoid farther war with the West. Most significantly, he proclaimed the necessity of coexistence with the West and declared that a atomic war would intend he stop of both capitalist economy and socialism. In dealingss with the West, Khrushchev s term of office was marked by sudden displacements and a series of high bets crises such as the U2 matter, the edifice of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Through it all he systematically maintained the demand for peaceable coexistence in the atomic age.5 He toured the United States in 1959 and met with President Eisenhower at Camp David, therefore assisting to better the international tensenesss created by his menace to subscribe a separate peace with East Germany. Thousands of colonists were brought in from European Russia7. The Geneva Summit of 1955 among Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, and the Camp David Summit of 1959 between Eisenhower and Khrushchev raised hopes of a more concerted spirit between East and West. Khrushchev explained the philosophy of peaceable co-existence to a response at the Albanian Embassy in April 1957, in this manner: In our dealingss with the capitalist states we firm adhere to Lenin s rule of peaceable coexistence. †¦ We shall neer take up weaponries to coerce the thoughts of communism upon anybody. We do non necessitate to make that, for the thoughts of communism express the critical involvements of the popular multitudes. Our thoughts, the thoughts of communism have such great verve that no arm can destruct them, that non even the atomic arm can keep up the development of these progressive thoughts. Our thoughts will capture the heads of world. The efforts of the imperialist to collar the spread of the thoughts of communism by force of weaponries are doomed to failure. †¦ 8 Or, as Khrushchev explained the policy to the Supreme Soviet on 31 Octo ber 1959: The Soviet Union and all the socialist states have opened up for humanity the route for a socialist development without war on the footing of peaceable coaction. The struggle between the two systems must and can be resolved by peaceful agencies # 8230 ; Coexistence is something existent, fluxing from the bing universe state of affairs of human society # 8230 ; Several well-known personalities, and in the first topographic point President Eisenhower, want to happen ways of reenforcing peace 9 Under his way the Sovietss made great progresss in the scientific discipline, peculiarly in atomic energy and infinite geographic expedition. During the Khrushchev period at that place was an full-scale plan to increase the production of energy.10 Between 1954 and 1965, electrical power coevals grew from 150m Mw to 507m Mw, oil from 53m dozenss to 347m dozenss, coal from 347m dozenss to 578m tons.11 At the same clip, steel production was increased from 41m dozenss to 91m dozenss. There was besides a crisp bend to the development of scientific discipline and engineering. Soviet scientific discipline had about died in the early 1930s as a consequence of Stalin s policy of command of the line in scientific discipline, which had wiped out whole subdivisions of scientific discipline, and left others in the kingdom of pseudo-science. In the interval, the bare lower limit of scientific research required for military intents had been carried out in the labour camps.12 Very important resources were now provided to science, including cardinal research. Life criterions improved markedly during Khrushchev s period. More and more people were able to have third instruction, although this was by and large available either after working for a figure of old ages, or at dark school. More freedom of motion between occupations was allowed.13 Pensions were increased, with a measure uping age of 65 for work forces, 60 for adult females, but available for work forces with 25 old ages senior status in their occupation, 20 old ages for adult females, well better than in the West. Additional pension rights were granted to administrative officials, constabularies and scientific researchers.14 The length of the working hebdomad was reduced by two hours and pregnancy leave extended from 70 to 112 yearss. Between 1953 and 1964 the country of lodging infinite was doubled, although it still remained in really short supply, and less on norm than the minimal prescribed by US prison ordinances at the clip. The minimal pay was doubled, although societal service professionals remained among the lowest paid.15 From the exhilaration of the Khrushchev epoch, with his expostulations at the UN, demagogic addresss, the confrontations, the dramatic accomplishments in infinite, the immense new hydroelectric strategies, the colonisation of the virgin lands and decentalisation of planning, Stalinism moved into the dull grey of decline16. Although Khrushchev was peacefully removed from office by a triumvirate in October 1964 and many of his programs failed, his initial end was reached. That dark he returned place and exclaimed, Well, that s it. I m retired now. Possibly the most of import thing I did was merely this that they were able to acquire rid of me merely by voting, whereas Stalin would hold had them all arrested.

Lake Tahoe On West Coast Essay Example For Students

Lake Tahoe On West Coast Essay An Introduction Lake Tahoe is the pristine jewel of the West Coast, known aroundthe world for its beauty. The Lake Tahoe area was even in the spotlight for thewinter Olympic Games at Squaw Valley in 60s. Over the decades we have learned,by mistake, what needs to be done to protect the lakes beauty and character. The lake is foremost known for its color and clarity, and has been capitalizedon for these qualities. However, upon enjoying the lake and creating a touristand recreational draw we have jeopardized the lake for all the features that wemost enjoy and treasure. Simply put the clarity, color and beauty of the lakeare in trouble, and the transparency is decreasing at a frightening rate. Thebuild up of phosphorous and nitrates in the lake has promoted the growth ofalgae that clouds the water, changing the famous aqua, sapphire blue color to amurky, cloudy green. Lets take a look at why we should be concerned with thedeclining clarity of a lake, and why this lake is so special and unique, and whythe surrounding environment is so important. There are many factors involved incausing the decline briefly discussed in this paper; including soil erosion, airquality/pollution, stream conditions which are water flow, and algae growth. Concluding with some positive measures that will help the lake over the longterm. Lake Tahoe History In exploring what makes this lake unique and specialwe must first explore where it is, how it got there, and its aquatic makeup. Lake Tahoe known only to the Paiute Indians until it was discoveredby General Fremont in 1844. The Lakes exceptional transparency was described byMark Twain as the finest picture earth affords. The lake is over amile high and is nestled amongst the Sierra Nevada, snowcapped, mountain range. Lake Tahoe is uniquely divided between two states, Nevada and California, whichpresents difficulties in long-term studies, developmental controls, andprotection goals.(See figure one) The Tahoe Basin has many political armswrapped around it , often with overlapping jurisdiction, including the FederalGovernment, two States, five Counties, and a City. One example of this problemis the fact that: Lake Tahoe is designated as an Outstanding NationalResource Water (ONRW) under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Water QualityStandards Program and the Clean Water Act. With this designation, Lake Tahoe isprovided the highest level of protection under the antidegradation policy and nofurther degradation should be permitted. The state of California recognizes thisdesignation, while Nevada does not.(1:1) The one fact that everyone seemsto agree on is Lake Tahoe needs its purity protected and preserved. Contrary tothe belief that the lake was formed by a volcanic crater collapse; the lakeactual ly, was formed by the rise and fall of the landscape due to faulting. TheSierra Nevada is a batholith, an enormous, complex masses of solidifiedmagma, usually granite . composed of many individual plutons that push asidesome of the rocks of the crust while melting and digesting others (2:403). This pushing aside and uplifting formed a deep graben fault basin(3:42). The lake has a surface area of 193 square miles (122,200 acres); a depthof 1,645 feet at maximum and 989 feet at average; a surface temperature of 68Fmaximum and 41F minimum; a capacity of 122,160,280 acre-feet of water; alength of 22 miles and width of 12 miles; a surface elevation of 6,229 feetabove sea level; and a shoreline of 71 miles, divided into 42 miles inCalifornia and 29 miles in Nevada. Lake Tahoes great depth makes it the thirdlargest in North America and the tenth deepest in the World, rivaled by suchlakes as Oregons Crater Lake and Russias Lake Baikal(3:42,4:1,5:2,6:87). Lake Tahoe is as long as the English Channel is wide. The Panama Canal,700 ft wide and 50 ft Deep, could be filled with Lake Tahoes water even if itcircled the globe, at the equator, and there would still be enough water left tofill a canal of the same size running from San Francisco to New York.(3:1) The altitude of the area and freezing mountains would cause one to thinkthe lake would freeze over, however, the tremendous depth prevents the lake fromfreezing. The theory of convection is proven here; the volume is always inmotion, as the surface cools it gets heavier and sinks, and the warmer, deeper,water is lighter and rises, mixing with the cool water and thus the lake doesnot freeze over. Some inlets, however, being shallower, have been covered with athin layer of ice. The lack of ice on the top of the lake does not affect thequality, in any way, other than to demonstrate its depth that does contribute toits clarity and color. The lake basin is affected by its surrounding composi tionand rock content, which are mostly glacial till and sediment. Anothercontributing factor to the lakes environmental delicacy is that the lake has anextraordinarily long retention time. In other words, if completely drained itwould take over 700 years to refill to its existing level. There is some waterloss due to evaporation but only one river flows out of Lake Tahoe, the TruckeeRiver (63 streams flow into the Lake). Little turn-over action occurs to thenutrients that flow into the lake, because of this limited drainage andcapacity. Lake Clarity Introduction to Causes One issue that was addressed inthe late 1950s and 1960s was sewage. The flow of sewage has been diverted awayfrom the lake since the 1960s. First with the costly and controversial Culpsadvanced five-step treatment wastewater system and now a simpler, at least moreeffective, waste management system. Even with sewage being exported thedevelopment to the Tahoe Basin over the last few decades has brought increasedpoll ution, both to the streams, the atmosphere, and the groundwater. Theincreased nutrients from all of this pollution have brought steady algae growthand increased loss of clarity. According to, Mr. Bob Richards, of the TahoeResearch Group, in Tahoe City, the lake is loosing one foot per year oftransparency (1). Another expert and researcher on the conditions of Lake Tahoefor the past thirty years, Mr. Charles R. Goldman states that, lakechemistry and biology since the early 1960s has shown that algal production isincreasing at a rate greater than 5 percent per year with concomitant decline ofclarity at the alarming rate of 0.5M per year (7:140). How do they findthese ratings? The process is simple but very accurate. A 10 inch diameter,white plate, a secchi disc, is lowered, on a meter line, the team of researchersrecords the point that the disc disappears from view, then raises it back up andrecords the point at which they can just see it. This process is repeated till30-35 measuremen ts are recorded, per session, several times a year, and theaverage of those readings is the annual for the year.(See figure 2) As evident,by the secchi disc ratings, the clarity has been dramatically affected; nowlets look at how the lake got this way. Many contributing factors are at workon the lake soil erosion, atmospheric pollution, water inflow, and algal growth. The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti EssayLake Tahoe has been studied and compared to other Western Lakes, such as, CastleLake and Pyramid Lake, and arguments have been made that the climatic variationsaffect all the lakes of the west equally, increasing fertility to the samedegree. However, Castle Lake has not shown the same fertility, despite same datacollection methods.(3) Which demonstrates Lake Tahoes problems areself-inflicted. Steps Towards Protection The construction and building boom hasmonopolized the Tahoe basin and has helped to wreak havoc on the preciousbalance in the lake. Today environmentalist, scientists, and concerned citizenshave begun to understand and change the way we treat the environment and thelake, thus protecting the lake quality. Gone unchecked the lake conditions willworsen. Even in the 1960s, in May and June, large crops of attached algae diedand released from their sites (along piers and shore rocks), coating the beachesand marinas with a brown, slimy, smelly material that decays and eventuallyreturns as bacteria and nutrients to the lake through wave action (3:47). Thispicture is not what most people envision when picturing the sapphire blue watersof the lake. Obvious changes and the educated observations have led to greatconcerns over the quality of the lake. Many changes are not as visible but ifleft alone will quickly become visible, thus destroying the ecosystem of thebasin. As mentioned, the lake is the center of many factions of politicalcontrol. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) has been a strong facilitatorof the needs for controls, there is little evidence to show they have made anytremendous impact needed to reverse the trends of fertility in the Lake. TRPAhas put forth pollution control measures called Best Management Practicesor BMPs. The program requires new projects to implement the BMPsrequired paved driveways, which at first seems like a contradiction to theresearch, however, if we compare a graded, disturbed, un-paved surface with aproperly paved surface, the un-paved has nothing to hold the soil in place,washing the unnecessary sediment into the lake. Other BMPs, include but are notlimited to, revegetation programs, retaining structures, and slopestabilization. To protect the lake all parties involved need to unify theconservation efforts and develop an organized protection and planning bureau orassembly, sponsored with governmental support, above and beyond the TahoeRegional Planning Agency and Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program. Thecurrent agencies, and committees have taken positive steps to protect the areawhich includes: * slow releasing or no chemical fertilizers on lawns and golfcourses. * ski slopes are no longer allowed to use ammonium nitrate to help makesnow. * California passed a 85 million dollar bond in 1982 to buy-up sensitivelands, potentially endangering the lake, now are protected. * Nevada passed asimilar 30 million dollar buy-up bond in 1 986. * The afore-mentioned mentionedBMPs. Without these positive approaches, the dedication of the University ofDavis, Researchers and Scientists, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, and othergroups of concerned organizations, Tahoe would be unclear and green today. Thegeneral public can take measures by treating our delicate ecosystems withrespect and becoming educated on our delicate balances. Steps could include: *Bike more or walk- save our air quality. * Maintain cars properly and up tocodes. * Dont Drip. Leaky facets waste 9 liters of water per minute. * Dontpour toxins into the drainage system (paint, gases, fertilizers, etc.) * Recycle* Influence your work place to take steps in being Earth conscious. For heavenssake even the cartoons are teaching our children to be earth aware withCaptain Planet, hes our hero, taking pollution down to zero,teaching children to reduce, reuse, and recycle, and to fight the bad-guys whopollute our earths ecosystems. All adults can be Captain Plane ts and protectour world. Bibliography1) Richards, Bob. Personal Phone Interviews, FAX. 24 Feb. 1997, 16 Mar 1997. 2) Gabler, Robert, Sager,Robert, and Wise, Daniel Essentials of PhysicalGeography. 5th ed. Orlando:Saunders College Publishing,1997. 3) Goldman, CharlesR., Richards, Robert. The Urbanization of the Lake Tahoe Basin: A Microcosm forthe Study of Environmental Change with Continuing Development. Proceedings,State of the Sierra Symposium 1985-86, Pub. #177. California:University ofDavis, 1986 4) Tahoe Research Group, State Natural Resources. Lake TahoeFacts, Ten Most Frequently Asked Questions. Internetaddress:WWW.Ceres, 15 April 1997. 5) Goldman, Charles R., Byron, Earl R. Changing Water Quality at Lake Tahoe: the First Five Years of the Lake TahoeInteragency Monitoring Program. The California State Water Resources ControlBoard. California:University of Davis, Institute of Ecology, Tahoe ResearchGroup, 1987. 6) Sheaffer, John R., Stevens, Leonard A., Future Water, AnExciting Solution to Americas Most Serious Resource Crisis. New York: WilliamMorrow and Company, Inc., 1983. 7) Reuter, J.E., et al. University Contributionto Lake and Watershed Management: Case Studies From the Western UnitedStatesLake Tahoe and Pyramid Lake. Watershed 96 A National Conference onWatershed Management. Maryland:Baltimore, Water Environment Federation, 12 June1996. ISBN: 1-57278-028-2. 8) Goldman, Charles R. Primary Productivity,Nutrients, and Transparency During the Early Onset of Eutrophication. AmericanSociety of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.. 33(6, part1),1321-1333. 1988. 9)Goldman, Charles R., Jassby Alan D., de Amezaga, Evelyne. Forest Fires,Atmospheric Deposition an d Primary Productivity at Lake Tahoe,California-Nevada. Verhandlungen-Proceedings-Travaux of the InternationalAssociation for Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Congress in Munich. Iss 24,499-503. Stuttgart, Germany, 1990. 10) Byron, Earl r., Goldman, Charles R.,Land-Use and Water Quality in Tributary Streams of Lake Tahoe,California-Nevada. Journal of Environmental Quality Vol. 18,no.1, (Jan-Mar1989):84-88. 11) Bowman, Chris. Clinton Seeks Summit on Lake TahoePollution The Sacramento Bee 26 October 1996:B1 12) Bowman, Chris, Hoge,Patrick. Runoff, Air Pollution Cloud Waters of Crystal-Clear LakeThe Sacramento Bee 8 December 1996:A28 13) Associated Press. Team SeeksClues to Cloudy Lake Tahoe Water The Sacramento Bee 16 October1995:SUPCAL. 14) Malley, George. Personal Interview. 15 April, 5 May 1997 MAPSAND GRAPHS REFERENCES Figure One, Tahoe Region Map: AAA Travel Book. 1997 ed. Figure Two, Secchi Depth Chart: Goldman, Charles R. Primary Productivity,Nutrients, and Transparency During the Early Onset of Eutrophication. AmericanSociety of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.. 33(6, part1),Pg. 1329. 1988. FigureThree, Population Growth Chart: Goldman, Charles R., Richards, Robert. TheUrbanization of the Lake Tahoe Basin: A Microcosm for the Study of EnvironmentalChange with Continuing Development. Proceedings, State of the Sierra Symposium1985-86, Pub. #177. California:University of Davis, Pg. 43. 1986. Figure Four,Water Cycle Chart: Goldman, Charles R., Richards, Robert. The Urbanization ofthe Lake Tahoe Basin: A Microcosm for the Study of Environmental Change withContinuing Development. Proceedings, State of the Sierra Symposium 1985-86, Pub. #177. California:University of Davis, Pg. 43. 1986. Geography